Saltwater people, saltwater country: Geomorphological, anthropological and archaeological investigations of the coastal lands in the southern Gulf Country of Queensland

This paper describes the results of an exploratory geomorphological, anthropological and ar- chaeological research project carried out in coastal lands of the southern Gulf of Carpentaria between 1982 and 1988. This is an area for which there is limited information about Aborigi- nal use of the landscape. The paper describes the pattern of coastal land formation and reports on preliminary investigations relating to chenier development. Anthropological data depict key features of historic Ganggalida traditional Aboriginal land use and occupation. The trad- itional system of land tenure is described and key sites are identified to enable comparisons to be made with the archaeological record. The distinctiveness of the coastal area in a regional Aboriginal perspective is established. The characteristics of the archaeological evidence are described for twelve selected areas, and comparisons with the historic record and contempor- ary Aboriginal knowledge are made. The archaeological evidence includes shell scatters, mounded shell middens, wells and fishtraps. Dates obtained from three sites range from 1,300BP to 140BP. Geoarchaeological data provide a chronological framework for the un- derstanding of indigenous land use over a period of 2,000 years, and point to similarities with archaeological evidence on Cape York Peninsula and other areas in northern Australia. Ganggalida country, chenier development, shell mounds, Queensland, archaeology, anthropology, geomorphology, Gulf of Carpentaria.