Enhypnon horridum Carter

Enhypnon horridum (Carter)

(Figs 2 c, 4c, 5c, 6c, 7c)

Mnionophilus horridus Carter, 1919: 142.

Enhypnon horridus, Ślipiński and Lawrence, 1997: 381.

Types. Holotype. Tasmania, Cradle Mountain, A. Lea, Coll. Carter [Ga: 41.583S 145.933E] (MVMA, T-3871).

Paratype. Tasmania, Cradle Mountain, in moss and lichens, Carter & Lea [Ga: 41.583S 145.933E] (1, SAMA).

Notes on types. According to the original description (Carter, 1919), Carter designated a type in his own collection and two cotypes in SAMA. The type is now housed in Museum Victoria and can be identified as the original type of this species by the identification label handwritten by Carter and an old label bearing “ TYPE ” printed in red. This specimen was subsequently labeled and registered as holotype in MVMA.

Only one of the two cotypes deposited in South Australia Museum has been found. The specimen bears an identification label as Mnionophilus horridus handwritten by Carter and an old “COTYPE” label. This specimen is now labelled as paratype.

Another specimen in SAMA bears a cotype label along with an identification label by Carter as M. horridus. This specimen, which may be the second cotype designated by Carter, is now identified as Enhypnon squamosum and it is part of the paratype series for that species. Furthermore, it was collected in Lottah (Tasmania), which is not the type locality of E. horridum (see Note on types of E. squamosum).

Other specimens examined. Tasmania: Cradle Mtn. Camp Ground, 880 m, 41.35S 145.56E, 14.xi.1989, site 2 Tube 175, pyrethrin knockdown, tree 3, H. Mitchell [Ga: 41.583S 145.933E] (7, ANIC); same locality, 15.xi.1989, site 2 Tube 172, pyrethrin knockdown, tree 3, H. Mitchell [Ga: 41.583S 145.933E] (2, ANIC); same locality, 14.xi.1989, site 2 Tube 232, pyrethrin knockdown, tree 2, H. Mitchell [Ga: 41.583S 145.933E] (1, ANIC); Cradle Mtn., Lake St. Clair NP, W side L. St. Clair, ca. 3 km Cynthia Bay, 42.06S 146.10E, 780 m, 10.i.1993, A. Newton and M. Thayer, beating tree-fern crowns (1, ANIC); Lake St. Clair, 750 m, 42.06S 146.10E, 25 – 27.i.1980, Pyrethrum spray tree ferns, J. Lawrence & T. Weir (3, ANIC); Mt Murchison, 41.50S 145.37E, 18.IV.1989, Tube 28, pyrethrin knockdown Nothofagus, H. Mitchell (1, ANIC); 4 km S Mt Oakleigh, 880 m, 41.51S 146.03E, 30.XI.1990 – 8.I.1991, E. Nielsen & E. Edwards, malaise #3 closed forest (1, ANIC); same locality, 28 – 30.XI.1990, T. Weir & I. Naumann, winkler litter closed forest (1, ANIC); 2 km NE by N Mt Ossa, 1000 m, 41.52S 146.03E, 26.IX – 9.XI.1991, FIT #3 closed forest, Smith/Thomas (1, ANIC); Pelion Hut, 3 km S Mt Oakleigh, 860 m, 41.50S 146.03E, 8.I – 12.II.1991, FIT #1 closed forest, A. Calder & W. Dressler (1, ANIC); same locality, 12 – 15.II.1991, ex yellow pan traps, A. Calder & W. Dressler (1, ANIC); same locality, IV – V.1992, rainforest, pyrethrin knockdown log & tree roots Nothofagus tree 1, P. Greenslade & M. Comfort (16, ANIC); same locality, 9 – 21.XI.1991, FIT #1 closed forest, I. Naumann & G. Clarke (1, ANIC); same locality, 28 – 30.XI.1990, I. Naumann (1, ANIC); 4 km SSE of Mt. Rufus, 800 m, 42.10S 146.07E, 26 – 28.i.1980, Pyrethrum spray moss & lichens, J. Lawrence & T. Weir (7, ANIC); Lake St Clair N.P., Watersmeet, 42°6’40’’S 146°9’51’’E, 11.III.2008, M. Wanat, fogging, rainforest with Eucalyptus sp., old standing rotten Nothofagus trunk (5, QMBA ethanol coll.); same locality, 12.III.2008, T. Weir & C. Leeman, fogging, rainforest with Eucalyptus sp., old standing rotten Nothofagus trunks, ferns and mossy logs (6, QMBA ethanol coll.); Styx Big Tree Reserve, 6.7 km SSE Maydeena, 42°48’50’’S 146°39’22’’E, 340m, 10.III.2008, T. Weir & C. Leeman, fogging, rainforest with Eucalyptus sp., mossy logs, trunks and ferns (2, QMBA ethanol coll.); Maydena, 29.2 km WNW on Eleven Rd, Florentine Vy, 460 m, 6.II.1980, A. Newton & M. Thayer, pyrethrin-fogging Nothofagus cunninghami bark [GE: 42.568S 146.374E] (2, ANIC); 7 km NW Maydena, Derwent Valley, (800 ft), 16.xi.1977, FMHD #77 – 150, litter of Atherosperma moschatum, very thin, J. Kethley [GE: 42.713S 146.564E] (1, FMNH); Riveaux Creek, 43.11S 146.40E, 20.XII.1989, Tube 57, pyrethrin knockdown Dacrydium trunk, P. Greenslade (1, ANIC); Rufus Canal, 13.5 km WNW Derwent Br, 800 m, 26 – 28.i.1980, Nothofagus rainf, under bark Nothofagus cunninghamii logs, A. Newton & M. Thayer [GE: 42.109S 146.072E] (7, ANIC); Strahan, Lea & Carter [Ga: 42.15S 145.317E] (1, SAMA); Warra, end of Manuka Rd., 24 km WNW Geeveston, 43°5’27’’S 146°39’9’’E, 120 m, 5.III.2008, T. Weir & C. Leeman, ANIC Berlesate 3748, Rainforest with Eucalyptus sp., sifted litter and mossy logs (1, QMBA ethanol coll.); Warra, log decay site, 23 km WNW Geeveston, 43°5’21’’S 146°39’45’’E, 280 m, 6.III.2008, T. Weir & C. Leeman, fogging, rainforest with Eucalyptus sp., mossy logs and ferns (3, QMBA ethanol coll.) same locality, 6.III.2008, M. Wanat, beating roadside vegetation (1, QMBA ethanol coll.).

Diagnosis. Among the species with raised tubercles on elytra, Enhypnon horridum is distinct in having the pronotal lateral margins sharply denticulate combined with a dual setation of the dorsal surface, consisting of both erect and appressed setae.

Redescription. Body length: 2.5 – 2.9 mm; body maximum width (elytra): 1.2 – 1.5 mm.

Body: small, compact and distinctly convex; colour from uniformly yellowish-brown (most specimens) to with bicoloured, patterned elytra (less common); vestiture dual, consisting of scattered erect long bristles (denser along frontal and lateral margins of pronotum and on tubercles) and dense recumbent short setae; setae around antennomeres III – XI filiform.

Head: surface sub-rugose; maximum width at eyes (0.65 – 0.75 mm), abruptly constricted behind eyes; frons widely concave between eyes; frontal ridge weakly sinuate in frontal view, thicker in front of eyes above antennal insertion; clypeus anteriorly curved, relatively wide (ratio clypeus width/head max. width: 0.53 – 0.54), short and with obtuse lateral angles; eyes large and protruding, coarsely faceted; antenna 11-segmented with a loose and weakly developed 2-segmented club; antennomere I sub-oval and about 1.5 times as long as wide; I – III distinctly decreasing in thickness; III about as long as II; III – VI elongate and progressively shorter; VII – IX cupuliform and slightly increasing in size; X cupuliform and about 1.5 times as wide as IX; XI as wide as X and slightly pointed. Last maxillary palpomere parallel-sided, weakly thicker at base and flatter apically (see Fig. 6 c).

Pronotum: broadly explanate; surface sub-rugose, with three admedian pairs of relatively low tubercles, first pair along the anterior margin of pronotum, second pair more strongly raised and clearly visible in lateral view (Fig. 4 c), third pair very low and barely visible; lateral margins well defined, denticulate, with 5 – 6 teeth or spines.

Leg: simple; tarsomeres not transverse.

Elytra: distinct tubercles on intervals 3, 5 and 7, three clearly visible on interval 3, two less raised on interval 5 and three very low on interval 7 (anterior tubercle barely visible); relatively deep and smooth hollows in between tubercles and at base of intervals 2, 4 and 6.

Distribution. Tasmania (Fig. 7 c).

Enhypnon kosciuszko Turco and Ś lipi ń ski sp. n. (Figs 2 d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 8)

Types. Holotype. Australia, New South Wales: South Ramshead, Kosciuszko Nat. Pk, 1850 m,. xii.1981, pitfalls, Ken Green [Ga: 36.517S 148.233E] (ANIC).

Paratypes. New South Wales: Same locality as holotype, (dates ranging from Feb 1981 to May 1986), pitfall traps, Ken Green [Ga: 36.517S 148.233E] (14, ANIC); South Ramshead, Kosciuszko N. P., 2000 m, (dates ranging from Apr 1981 to Jul 1986), pitfall traps, Ken Green [Ga: 36.517S 148.233E] (11, ANIC); Blue Lake, nr. Mt. Kosciuszko, 1880 m, 30.xii.1989, C. Reid [Ga: 36.40S 148.317E] (1, ANIC); no data (1, MVMA T-17402).

Other specimens examined. New South Wales: same locality as holotype, (dates ranging from Feb 1981 to May 1986), pitfall traps, Ken Green [Ga: 36.517S 148.233E] (23, ANIC); South Ramshead, Kosciuszko N. P., 2000 m, (dates ranging from Apr 1981 to Jul 1986), pitfall traps, Ken Green [Ga: 36.517S 148.233E] (30, ANIC); Mt. Glennie, 16 km E Woodenbong, 28.23S 152.46E, 910 m, 25.xi.1982, rainforest, sieved litter, G. Monteith, D. Yeates & D. Cook (2, QMBA); New England NP, 1500 m, 12.vii.1978, Nothofagus litter, S. & J. Peck [Ga: 30.50S 152.50E] (1, ANIC); New England NP, Point Lookout, 30.29S 152.25E, 12.ii.1984, I.D. Naumann (1, ANIC); 30.30S 152.24E, New England NP, Toms Cabin, 1410 m, 27.vi.1982, L. Hill, Berlesate ANIC 842, closed forest litter (1, ANIC); New England NP, Wright’s Lookout track, 30.30S 152.23E, 16 – 18.xi.1990, Berlesate ANIC 1131, rainforest litter under Nothofagus moorei and Dicksonia Antarctica, T.A. Weir (3, ANIC); Nothofagus Mt. via Woodenbong, 1100 m, 17.vi.1982, Nothofagus forest, sieved litter, G. Monteith & G. Thompson [Ga: 28.383S 152.617E] (3, QMBA); Nothofagus Mt. via Woodenbong, 1100 – 1280 m, 4 – 6.ii.1982, Nothofagus forest, stick brushing, G. Monteith & D. Yeates [Ga: 28.383S 152.617E] (2, QMBA); same locality, 4 – 6.ii.1982, Nothofagus forest, moss on rocks and trees, G. Monteith & D. Yeates [Ga: 28.383S 152.617E] (1, QMBA); Nothofagus Mt., 12 km N Woodenbong, 28°17’S 152°38’E, 1200 m, 26.xi.1982, Nothofagus forest, sieved litter, G. Monteith, D. Yeates & D. Cook (4, QMBA); Smiggin Holes, Kosciuszko N. P., 1680 m, xii.1986, pitfall traps, Ken Green [Ga: 36.383S 148.40E] (1, ANIC); 28.22S 153.05E, Wiangaree SF, 1050 m, 10-12.ii.1983, T. Weir & A. Calder, Berlesate ANIC 770, litter under Nothofagus moorei (1, ANIC). Queensland: Bare Rock, 2 km N of Mt. Cordeaux, 28°02’S 152°23’E, 1100 m, 20.ii – 4.iv.1994, pitfalls, G. Monteith (1, QMBA); Bunya Mountains N.P., 1000 m, 18.viii.1982, rainforest litter, S. Peck, SBP108 (1, ANIC); Bunya Mountains N.P., Burton’s Well, 26.835S 151.552E, 1069 m, 27.II.2010, wet sclerophyll forest, sieved litter, 18702, F. Turco (2, QMBA ethanol coll.); Lamington NP, Mt. Bithongabel, 8.x.1979, rainforest, stick brushing, G. Monteith [Ga: 28.267S 153.167E] (1, QMBA); Lamington NP, O’Reilly’s Guesthouse, 27.xii.1981 – 15.i.1982, pitfalls, G. Monteith, R. Raven & D. Yeates [GE: 28.230S 153.136E] (1, QMBA); Mistake Mts, 15 km N Cunningham’s Gap, trap 74A, x.1976 - i.1977 [Ga: 27.54S 152.2E] (1, ANIC); Mt. Superbus, summit, 1300 m, 8 – 9.ii.1990, pyrethrum trees & logs, G. Monteith, G. Thompson & H. Janetzki [GE: 28.216S 152.466E] (3, QMBA); Springbrook Repeater, 2815’ S 15316 ’E, 1000 m, 6.iv.1995, pyrethrum tree trunks, G. Monteith (1, QMBA); same locality, 14.iii.1997, rainforest, sieved litter, Monteith & Russell (1, QMBA); same locality, 14.iii.1997, rainforest, stick brushing, Monteith & Russell (1, QMBA); same locality, 21.v.1997, rainforest, stick brushing, G. Monteith (1, QMBA). Tasmania: Pirates Rd. Tasman Penn, 43.03S 147.55E, 16.iii.1989, Tube 42 pyrethrin knockdown, P. Greenslade & J. Diggie (3, ANIC); Sandpit Forest Reserve, S of Orford, 42.43S 147.50E, 200 m, 915, 2.ii.1993, A. Newton & M. Thayer (1, ANIC).

Diagnosis. Among the species with low tubercles on elytra, Enhypnon kosciuszko is similar to E. cordicollis for the pronotum weakly explanate and elytral costae and tubercles very low. It can be distinguished from E. cordicollis by the pronotum only slightly constricted posteriorly, eyes smaller and tarsomeres I – III weakly transverse.

Description. Body length: 1.8 – 3.1 mm; body maximum width (elytra): 0.85 – 1.55 mm.

Body: small, compact and distinctly convex; colour uniformly dark brown or, in some specimens, weakly patterned on elytra (Fig. 2 d); vestiture consisting of dense and short recumbent setae, longer around antennomeres III – XI.

Head: surface coarsely sub-rugose; maximum width at eyes (0.45 – 0.80 mm), abruptly constricted behind eyes; frons relatively flat between eyes; frontal ridge weakly sinuate in frontal view, thicker in front of eyes above antennal insertion; clypeus anteriorly slightly curved, relatively wide (ratio clypeus width/head max. width: 0.51 – 0.56), not distinctly separated and with obtuse lateral angles; eyes relatively small, protruding and coarsely faceted; antenna 11-segmented with a loose and weakly developed 2-segmented club; antennomere I sub-oval and about 1.5 times as long as wide; I – III distinctly decreasing in thickness; II longer than III; IV – VIII weakly elongate and decreasing in length; IX cupuliform and weakly wider than VIII; X cupuliform and about 1.5 times as wide as IX; XI slightly wider than X and pointed. Last maxillary palpomere elongate and wider at middle (see Fig. 6 d).

Pronotum: only slightly explanate and weakly constricted posteriorly; surface coarsely sub-rugose; margins very weakly defined, sub-crenulate.

Leg: simple; tarsomeres I – III weakly transverse.

Elytra: weakly costate, in some specimens with very low tubercles on interval 3, 5 and 7; punctures regular and clearly visible.

Notes on morphological characters. This species displays some degree of morphological variability. The shape of the pronotum can vary within a population (widest near the middle in a few individuals). Specimens collected from New England N.P. (NE NSW) are characterised by slightly narrower tarsomeres compared to the more transverse tarsomeres of other populations. The few specimens known from Tasmania feature distinct tubercles on the elytra and straighter pronotal lateral margins. The limited amount of material along with the broad geographical range and the inconsistent morphological variability, do not lead to the recognition of multiple species at this time.

Etymology. Enhypnon kosciuszko is named after the Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales, where the types and most of the available material were collected.

Distribution. New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania (Fig. 8).