Parapsyche elsis Milne 1936

Parapsyche elsis Milne 1936

Figs. 3a–c; 4a, b; 11; 15; 20; 24; 27; 28; 30, 35a–e.

Parapsyche elsis Milne 1936, 66, 67; Holotype male: Cultus Lake, British Columbia, Canada, July 8, 1934, W. E. Ricker (INHS). Milne & Milne (1938, 99, 106, 110 pl. V, description of male); Denning (1943, 106–107, 163 fig. 2, as Arctopsyche grandis female (Wallace, Idaho), but was actually a female of P. e l s i s according to Givens & Smith (1980); Ross (1944, 293, inclusion in checklist); Smith (1968, 104 figs. 2, 2A and 2B, 106 fig. 5, 107–109, descriptions of larva, pupa, distribution, bionomics); Givens & Smith (1980, 16 fig. 5, 17 fig. 6, 18 figs. 8a–c, 19 fig. 14a–c, 21 figs 22 and 25, 22 fig. 31, 23 fig. 32, 24 fig. 33, diagnoses of male, female, pupa, descriptions of pupal case, larva, distribution, bionomics); Nimmo (1987, 16, 18 map 6, 21 figs. 38–43, descriptions of male, female, distribution).

Arctopsyche brevipennis Ling 1938, 64, male; Ross 1944, 293 (synonym).

Male. Description. See Milne & Milne (1938, 106, 110 pl. V); Ling (1938, 64–65, pl. IX figs. 4a–c, as A. oregonensis); Givens & Smith (1980, 5, 18 figs. 8a–c); and Nimmo, (1987, 16, 21 figs. 38–40).

Female. Diagnosis. The longer dorsal cap, the lateral constriction of tergite IX to form a narrow rectangular lateroventral stem on each side, the fused sternites VIII and elongate sternum VIII, and the unique presence of a pair of internal sclerotized structures (ist) on the fused sterna IX and X distinguish the female of P. elsis from those of all other western Parapsych e species (Figs. 3a–c). The illustration for the P. e l s i s female ventral view (fig. 3b) differs from the illustration of the P. el sis female ventral view by Givens (1980, 19 fig. 14b). In the 1980 publication a pair of sternal plates on sternum VIII were illustrated as being widely separated by a membrane. A reexamination of that female specimen and additional females, (N = 21), shows that the sternites of sternum VIII are fused. The area between the sternites may be very lightly sclerotized, such that it appears membranous, and the caudal margin more deeply cleft mesally, than the female illustrated herein.

Description. See Denning (1943, 106–107, 163 fig. 2, as A. grandis); Givens & Smith (1980, 5, 19 figs. 14a– c) Nimmo (1987, 16, 21 figs. 42 and 43).

Pupa. Diagnosis. The acute apices of the apical processes with mesal apices shorter than the lateral apices; remnant, single, lateral line gills; and the 4–6 long, yellow setae that extend beyond the apex of each apical process distinguish the pupa of P. elsis from known pupae of the western Parapsyche species (Figs. 4a, b). Paired hook plates Va, VIa, and VIIa each has an elongate anterior stem that is diagnostic for the P. e l s i s pupa, (Fig. 24). The large number of hooks on each IIIp hook plate, with 16–38 hooks, is also diagnostic for P. e l s i s (Figs. 24, 28).

Description. Smith (1968, 108). Additional description follows. Length 13–20 mm, (N=11). Viewed dorsally, left mandible with 3 subequal teeth and 1 larger tooth posteriorly; right mandible with 2 subequal teeth and 1 larger tooth posteriorly (Fig. 11); apex of right mandible appearing almost bifid. Hook plate IIIa with 8 ̶27 hooks; IIIp with 16 ̶38; IVa with 3 ̶14; Va with 5 ̶11; Vp with 7 ̶20; VIa with 4 ̶16, VIIa with 4 ̶17 (Fig. 28); variations: of 23 pupae examined, 4 pupae with pair of very small sclerotized plates with 3–6 hooks in position 4p; 1 pupa with pair of small hook plates in positions 4p and 6p, each with 4 and 5 hooks, respectively. Apical processes as described by Smith (1968, 108).

Pupal Case. Givens & Smith (1980, 6, 22 fig. 31) and Fig. 30.

Larval retreat. Retreat constructed entirely of plant material; silk capture net with mesh rectangular.

Larva. Diagnosis. The setal tufts of P. elsis on abdominal segments I–VIII are less pronounced than on other species and each may be reduced to a single primary seta. The lateral line gills consist of 2 single gill filaments (Fig. 20) on each side of each of segments III–VI and single gill filament on segment VII (Fig. 27), which is diagnostic. The ventral apotome is subtriangular, mesally in mature larvae 3½–6× longer than it is wide, similar to that of P. extensa. The early instars of P. elsis and P. extensa may lack lateral line gills, and the ventral apotomes of these species are similar and very acuminate. Early instars of P. elsis and P. extensa may be separated by the presence of a pair of single-filament gills on sternum VIII of P. extensa and lack of such gills on P. e l s i s. The foretrochantins of the fifth instar P. elsis larva have more setae than those of the other Parapsyche species, often twice the number of setae. Parapsyche elsis has moderately clavate, narrow scale hairs (c-sh) (Figs. 35a–d), as compared to the wider c-sh of P. extensa (Figs. 36a, d, e).

Description. Smith (1968, 104 figs. 2 and 2A and 2B, 106 fig. 5, 107–108) and Givens & Smith (1980, 6, 23 fig. 32). A supplementary description follows. Head: Dark brown with paired primary setae in positions 7, 9, 10, 14 and 16. Position 17 with pair of pale, translucent (whitish) short seta, difficult to see, visible from lateral aspect. Primary setae also present at anterolateral corners of frontoclypeus, positions 2 and 3. Muscle scars either not evident or indistinct on dorsum of head. Frontoclypeus with bl setae and anterolateral margins of head with tan secondary ls setae. Parietal lateral surface with appressed, spike-like ap setae. Frontoclypeus with pair of single pale, translucent (whitish) setae in position 5 near tentorial pits. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of parietals with appressed hl setae. Tan cylindrical ap setae above ocular area (pale region surrounding eyes). Anterior margin of submental sclerite straight, dark brown, with 2–4 ls setae on each anterolateral corner. Labrum clothed with ap setae, anterior margin with dark mesal fringe of hl setae; primary setae in positions 5 and 6. Ventral apotome subtriangular, 3– 6 x as long as wide mesally (Fig. 15).

Thoracic nota: Brown to dark brown, surface of each notal sclerite covered with both fine and thick hl seta. Pronotum with 2 primary, submesal ls setae at midlength. Meso- and metanota each with single primary seta in positions sa 1 and sa 2.

Legs: Foretrochantins brown, each with 3–20 black setae, of which 1–3 are dark (reddish) sl setae. Legs brown to yellow, forecoxae with tan to reddish sl seta on anterior, posterior and mesal surfaces, and each with black primary seta in position 1. Mesocoxae each with primary setae at positions 2 and 3. Pro- and metacoxae with either clear or dark setae on anterior margins, setal sockets prominent; metacoxae each with primary setae at positions 2 and 3. The foretrochanters each with primary setae in positions 2 and 3, and generally in position 5; meso- and metatrochanters each with black primary setae in positions 2 and 3, and generally in position 5. Trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi with tan to reddish sl setae along posterior surfaces of meso- metathoracic legs. Posterior margins of meso- and metathoracic coxae each with row of 5–10 long, reddish-black ls setae. Femora of pro-, meso-, and metathoracic legs each with primary setae in positions 2, 3, and 4; primary setae in position 4 difficult to discern.

Abdomen: Abdomen with 2 pairs of setal tufts of black setae on segments I–VII, positions sa 2 and sa 3, and single pair on segment VIII, position sa 3; tufts with 5–8 setae, but may be reduced to single, long, primary seta. Dorsal surface of abdomen with numerous appressed hl setae intermingled with both short and long slender tubular, black sh setae (ls -ts) and moderately clavate scale hairs (c -sh) (Figs. 35a–c). Pair of single, long, black, primary setae present in position sa 1 on abdominal segments I–VII. Sternum VIII with mesal ovoid sclerite having 11–20 dark ls setae. Abdominal tergum IX with pair of yellow lateral sclerites, sometimes very lightly sclerotized, each with appressed hl setae and single long black ls seta on posterior margin. Tergum IX with appressed hl setae between dorsolateral sclerites. Sternum IX with pair of yellow ventral sclerites bearing dark (reddish) sl setae, setal sockets prominent; 15–25 dark ls setae arising from posterior margin of each sclerite. Lateral line gills all single, each side with single gill filament on abdominal segment III, 2 single gill filaments on each of segments IV–VI, and single gill filament on segment VII (Fig. 27); this gill schematic differing from that of Smith (1968) and Givens & Smith (1980) where presence of single gill on abdominal segment III not indicated. Abdominal sternum VIII without gills. Sternum VII with 2 short, black, submesal primary setae.

Anal Prolegs: Yellow, each with basal tuft of 6–14 thick, long, reddish-black setae. Lateral surfaces with dark, long ls setae intermixed with few tan to rufus sl setae. Appressed hl setae present on dorsal, lateral, and mesal areas of prolegs and on dorsal membranous areas and ventral surfaces of caudal lobes. 0–5 anal gills present.

Distribution. Smith (1968, 108), Givens (1976, 33), Givens & Smith (1980, 6–7), and Nimmo (1987, 16, 18 map 6). Of the 8 western Arctopsychinae species, P. elsis has the widest geographical distribution (Givens 1976). This species is sympatric with P. ex t en s a, P. a l m o t a, P. s p i n at a, P. turbinata, Arctopsyche inermis Banks 1943, A. grandis and A. californica.

Bionomics. See Smith (1968, 109), Givens (1976, 46), and Givens & Smith (1980, 7). Larvae can be found in various lotic habitats.

Material Examined. ALASKA: Juneau Borough, tributary to Cape Park Creek, Juneau, 18-v-1993, 3 L (DRG) (DGPC). CALIFORNIA: El Dorado Co., Cosumaes R., at Mormon Emigrant Rd. 3.2 km N of U.S. Hwy. 88, 23 -x-1982, 19 L (D.A. Howell) (DGPC). Humboldt Co., Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. 10N12), 27-viii-2006, L (JL) (JLPC); Red Mt. Cr., 23-viii-2010, 13 L (JL) (JLPC); Willow Cr., 6.9 km SW Willow Creek, 07-vii-2012, 2 L (DRG) (DGPC). Marin Co., Alpine Lk. feeder stream, 10-iv-1968, 1 L (EMEC). Modoc Co., Davis Cr., 11-vii- 1957, 1 M (JP) (EMEC). Plumas Co., Benner Cr., 10.8 km NW Chester (Chester-Juniper Lk. Rd.), (Benner Cr. Cmpgd.), 24-vii-2012, 15 L (DRG) (DGPC); 26-vii-2012, 11 L (DRG) (DGPC); 05-vii-2013, 2 L (DRG) (DGPC); Upper Rice Cr., 23.2 km NW Chester (Stump Ranch Rd.), Upper Rice Cr. Cmpgd., Lassen Nat'l. Forest, 29-vii- 2012, 4 L (DRG) (DGPC). Shasta Co., East Fork Hat Cr., 18.3 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 12-vii-2013, 4 L (DRG) (CSUC); East Fork Hat Cr., 18.8 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 07-vii- 2013, 9 L, (DRG) (CSUC); West Fork Hat Cr., 15 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 19-vii-2011, 1 L (DRG) (CSUC); 22-vii-2011, 3 M P, 4 F P, 4 P (DRG) (CSUC); 26-vii-2011, 2 M P, 2 L (DRG) (CSUC); 20-vii- 2012, 2 L (DRG) (CSUC); 03-viii-2012, 1 F (DRG) (CSUC); 04-viii-2012, 7 L (DRG) (CSUC); 07-vii-2013, 1 M P, 9 L (DRG) (CSUC); 11-ix-2013, 5 L (DRG) (CSUC); King's Cr., 26.7 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 20-vii-2011, 2 L, 1 PP, 11 P (DRG) (CSUC); 22-vii-2011, 1 PP (DRG) (CSUC); 28-vii-2011, 1 P (DRG) (CSUC); 27-vii-2012, 2 P (DRG) (CSUC); 01-viii-2012, 39 L (DRG) (CSUC); 11-viii-2012, 7 L (DRG) (CSUC); 13-viii-2012, 8 L (DRG) (CSUC); 01-vii-2013, 2 M P, 3 F P, 2 P, 1 PP, 16 L (DRG) (CSUC); King's Cr., 26.7 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Road), (0.03 km upstream from King's Cr. Falls, King's Cr. Trail), 11-viii- 2012, 7 L (DRG) (CSUC); King's Cr., 27.3 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 01-vii-2013, 1 L, (DRG) (CSUC); King's Cr., King's Cr. Picnic Site, 28 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 28-vii- 2011, 3 P (DRG) (CSUC); 27-vii-2012, 2 M P, 1 L (DRG) (CSUC); 04-viii-2012, 1 M (DRG) (CSUC); 19-vii- 2013, 1 L (DRG) (CSUC); King's Cr., 28.3 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 01-viii-2012, 1 L (DRG) (CSUC); Lost Cr., 11.9 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 20-vii-2011, 1 F (DRG) (CSUC); 26-vii-2011, 2 M (DRG) (CSUC); 20-vii-2012, 4 L (DRG) (CSUC); 10 L, 04-viii-2012, 10 L (DRG) (CSUC); 27- vi-2013, 1 M P, 1 P (DRG) (CSUC); 16-vii-2013, 1 M, 2 L (DRG) (CSUC); 11-ix-2013, 9 L (DRG) (CSUC); Manszanita Cr., 2.3 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 24-vii-2011, 4 M, 3 F P, 8 L (DRG) (CSUC); 17-vii-2012, 2 L (DRG) (CSUC); 06-viii-2012, 12 L (DRG) (CSUC); 12-vii-2013, 2 F P, 1 P, 12 L (DRG) (CSUC); 16-vii-2013, 11 L (DRG) (CSUC); 11-ix-2013, 12 L (DRG) (CSUC); small creek ca. 1.2 km up the trail to Paradise Meadows, (trailhead 15 km S of NW entrance to LVNP), 13-vii-2013, 4 L (DRG) (CSUC); 14-vii-2013, 14 L (DRG); (CSUC) 10-ix-2013, 9 L (DRG) (CSUC). Siskiyou Co., tributary strms. to S Fork Sacramento R., Shasta Nat'l. Forest, 10-viii-1985, 9 L (RW) (CSUC). Tehama Co., small creek, 0.11 km S of SW entrance to LVNP, Lassen Nat'l. Forest (Hwy. 89), 21-vii-2012, 4 L (DRG) (DGPC); small creek, 1.1 km S of SW entrance to LVNP, (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 28-vi-2013, 14 L, 1 P (DRG) (DGPC); West Little Sulphur Cr., 1.6 km N of SW entrance to LVNP (Southwest Cmpgd.) (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 23-vii-2012, 2 P (DRG) (CSUC); 13-viii-2012, 4 M, 1 F, 8 L (DRG) (CSUC); 07-vii-2013, 1 F P, 5 L (DRG) (CSUC). Trinity Co., Rush Cr., 13.7 km NE Weaverville, Rush Cr. Cmpgd., Shasta-Trinity Nat'l. Forest (State Hwy. 3), 11-vii-2012, 1 M (DRG) (DGPC). COLORADO: Boulder Co., Cold Springs Cr., 2.25 km NE Nederland (Hwy. 72), 08-ix-2014, 1 L (DRG) DGPC). Jefferson Co., Elk Cr., tributary, 16.1 km W Golden, 13-iv-2008, 1 L (B. Heinold) (CSUC). Rio Blanco Co., Fowler Cr., (Rd, 10), 11-iv- 2015, 1 L (B. Kondratieff and C. Verdone). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Trestle Cr., nr. Hope, 04-vii-1951, 3 F (W. M. Morton) (DGPC). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Emmon's Cr., tributary along Forest Highway 2991, T. 26N, R. 21W, sec. 6, 05 -vi-1996, 1 F P (DER) (DRPC). Gallatin Co., North Fork of W Fork of West Gallatin R., 20-ix- 1972, 16 L, (G. Rhoemhild) (MTEC); New World Gulch Cr., Vic Mt. Ellis, 45o 60.783'N, 110o 92.564'W, 04-iv- 2013, 2 L (S. Finance) (CSUC). OREGON: Baker Co., Last Chance Cr., 12 Mi. W Unity (USFS Rd. 293 x USFS Rd. 50), Wallowa-Whitman Nat'l. Forest, 12-vii-2014, 3 M, 1 F (DRG) (DGPC); Benton Co., Alder Cr., at Alder Cr. Falls, 3.7 km NW on Mary's Peak Rd. off Hwy. 34, 14.5 km SW Philomath, 05-viii-2013, 4 L, (DRG) (DGPC). Clackamas Co., Cripple Cr., near. Three Lynx, Fort Hood Nat'l. Forest, 20-x-1994, 1 L, (RW) (CSUC). Douglas Co., Bulldog Cr., Umpqua National Forest, 10-vi-1998, 2 L (RW) (CSUC). Hood River Co., Cabin Cr., base of falls, 45o 41.12'N 121o 41.45'W, 03-v-1987, 15 L (RW) (CSUC); Mt. Hood, stream near Meadows Ski area, 25-viii- 1989, 20 L (RW) (CSUC). Lane Co., Roaring Cr., 24-viii-1986, 2 M, 6 F (RW) (DGPC). Linn Co., Tributary Strms., Carmen Reservoir, 19-vii-1966, 1 M, 1 F, 2 P (J. Bedea) (DGPC). Marion Co., Little Sardine Cr., 8.7 km E Gates, 20-vii-1974, 1 L (DRG) (DGPC). Multnomah Co., Multnomah Cr., above Multnomah Falls, Columbia R. Gorge, (Hwy. 84), 24-vi-2014, 1 L (DRG) (DGPC); Wahkeena Cr., Columbia R. Gorge, 45o 34'N 122o 08'W, (Hwy. 84), 19-vii-1989, 2 M, 1 F (RW) (DGPC); Creek, tributary to Bridal Veil Cr., Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, 45o 54.866''N 122o 171.629'W, 25-v-2015, 1 L, 1 P (RW) (DGPC); Multnomah Cr., Columbia Gorge National scenic area, upper Multnomah Cr. and trail 45o 62.583'N 122o 14.166'W, 21-vii-2015, 1 L (RW) (DGPC); tributary to Multnomah Cr., Columbia Gorge National scenic area, spring tributary from W across trail at mouth, 45o 58.52777'N 122o 25.1666'W, 21-vii-2015, 1 L (RW) (DGPC). Wallowa Co., S Fork Big Sheep Cr., 19.9 km. SE County Rd. 39 x Hwy 350 (12.8 km NE Joseph), 09-vii-2014, 13 M, 2 F, 1 M P (DRG) (DGPC); Gumboat Cr. 37.8 km SW County Rd. 39 x Hwy. 350, (12.8 km NE Joseph), Wallowa-Whitman Nat'l. Forest, 09-vii-2014, 2 L (DRG) (DGPC); Lick Cr., 25.3 km SE County Rd. 39 x Hwy 350, (12.8 km NE Joseph), 09-vii-2014, 1 M (DRG) (DGPC); W Fork of Wallowa R. at bridge, nr. Wallowa Lake, 09-vii-1966, 3 M, 1 F (N. H. Anderson) (DGPC); Wallowa R., 9.7 km N Joseph, 19-vii-1986, 1 M, 1 M P (D. R. Givens and P. T. Givens) (DGPC); Wallowa R. 10.1 km SE Joseph (Wallowa State Pk. nr. Eagle Cap Trailhead), 07-vii-2014, 1 F (DRG) (DGPC). WASHINGTON: Columbia Co., N. Fork Touchet R. 18.1 Mi. SW Dayton, (Touchet Rd.), (State Forest Service Rd. 9115 x USFS Rd. 65) (Umatilla Nat'l. Forest), 46o 07.071'N 117o 49.402'W, 29-v-2015, 1 F (DRG) (DGPC); N. Fork Touchet R. 18.1 Mi. SW Dayton, (Touchet Rd.), (State Forest Service Rd. 9115 x USFS Rd. 65) (Umatilla Nat'l. Forest), 46o 07.071'N 117o 49.402'W, 30-v-2015, 7 L (DRG) (DGPC). King Co., 27.8 km E North Bend (Asshel Curtis Rec. Site), 16-vii-1976, 1 P 1PP, 2 L, (D. R. Givens and B. R. Givens) (DGPC). Kittitas Co., Reeser Cr., 25.7 km N Ellensburg (Reeser Cr. Rd.), 12-vi-2012, 10 L (DRG) (DGPC). Skagit Co., Bacon Creek, 48o 39'N, 121o 25'W, 30- vii-1986, 3 F (G. W. Courtney) (DGPC). Skamania Co., creek, 22.2 km E Stephenson (Hwy. 14), 24-viii-2013, 4 L (DRG) (DGPC). Snohomish Co., White Chuck R., 48o 11'N 121o 11'W, 31-vii-1986, 4 F (G. W. Courtney) (DGPC). Whatcom Co., Canyon Cr., on Mosquito Lk. Rd., 28° 050.03’N, 122° 008.19’W, 18-vi-2012, 1 M P, 1 F P, 1 P, 1 PP (DER) (DRPC). CANADA: YUKON TERRITORY, Ostensibility Cr., Nanni Range, 61o 31’N 128o 15’W, 23-vii-1984, 1 L (G.W. Courtney) (CSUC).