Daphniidae Straus 1820, s

Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820

12. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1885 s.lat. Recorded by Camargo-Fajardo (1994); Barón-Rodríguez et al. (2006); Guevara et al. (2008); Gallo-Sánchez et al. (2009); Álvarez (2010); Villabona-González et al. (2011); Aranguren et al. (2011); Fuentes-Reinés et al. (2012, fig 7); Fuentes-Reinés (2014a). Ceriodaphnia cornuta s.str. is a valid species described from Australia (Sars 1885). It was regarded as a tropicopolitan taxon (Smirnov et al. 1995), but now it is clear that the cornuta-rigaudi group is a large complex of cryptic species (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008a; Sharma & Kotov 2013). In Colombia, it occurs in the Amazon, Andean and Caribbean regions.

Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard, 1894. Recorded by Camargo-Fajardo (1994) and Villabona-González et al. (2011). Considered a species inquirendum (Kotov et al. 2013a). There are several taxa of the cornuta -group in the Neotropics (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008a), but the continental endemism is characteristic of the cornuta -group (Sharma & Kotov 2013), and the name of a taxon described from SE Asia (C. rigaudi) could not be applied to any Neotropical species.

13. Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894 s.lat. Recorded by Stingelin (1913, fig. 12) and Gaviria (1993a, 2001). C. dubia s.str. is a valid species described from Indonesia (Richard 1894). This taxon is regarded as cosmopolitan (Berner 1987; Flössner 1972, 2000; Smirnov et al. 1995), but it needs to be revised worldwide. In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

14. Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.F. Müller, 1785). Recorded by Stingelin (1913); Gaviria (2001) and Aranguren et al. (2011). Cosmopolitan (Smirnov et al. 1995; Kotov et al. 2013a). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

15. Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820). Recorded by Stingelin (1913, fig 13); Camargo-Fajardo (1994); Gaviria (2001). It is considered cosmopolitan excluding Australia (Smirnov et al. 1995), and a revision of this group is only started (Berner & Rakhmatullaeva 2001). In Colombia, it occurs in the Amazon, Andean and Caribbean regions.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata var. dubia forma silvestrii Daday in Stingelin (1913). See C. silvestrii.

16. Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Daday, 1902 *. Recorded by Fuentes-Reinés & Elmoor-Loureiro (unpublished data), it is a new record for Colombia. Neotropical species (Kotov et al. 2013a). In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

17. Ceriodaphnia pulchella (Sars, 1882) s.lat. Recorded by Monroy et al. (2004, fig 4.3). Valid species described from the Palearctic region (Smirnov et al. 1995). Nevertheless, there were some records from Brazil (Elmoor-Loureiro 1998) and Argentina (Olivier 1962; Paggi 1986). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region. Populations from the Neotropics need to be revised.

18. Daphnia (Daphnia) ambigua Scourfield, 1947. Recorded by Gaviria (2001) and Aranguren-Riaño et al. (2011). Valid species, distributed throughout the Americas (Adamowicz et al. 2004) and has also been introduced to Europe (Benzie 2005). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

19. Daphnia (Daphnia) galeata Sars, 1863 s.lat. Recorded by Stingelin (1913, figs 9-11). Daphnia galeata s.str. is a Palearctic species (Benzie 2005), but it has been also recorded in the Nearctic region (Herbert et al. 1993). It is important to note that just a galeata -like taxon is represented in Stingelin's (1913) figures of D. galeata forma obtusifrons Sars, not mis-identified D. laevis. Similar forms are sometimes recorded in the Neotropics (Smirnov et al. 1995; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 1999; Gaviria-Melo et al. 2005; Valdivia & Zambrano 1989). Species from the Neotropics should be revised. In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

20. Daphnia (Daphnia) laevis Birge, 1879. Recorded by Gaviria (1984, 1993a, 1993b, 2001). It represents a group of cryptic species (Taylor et al. 1998; Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008b). This taxon has been reported from North and South America and Africa (Paggi 1977; Adamowicz et al. 2004; Benzie 2005). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

Daphnia longispina galeata forma obtusifrons Sars, 1890 in Stingelin (1913). This name of "form" is applied by Stingelin (1913) to some Neotropical populations improperly, because the former was described from Norway (Sars 1890). See D. galeata section.

21. Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) magna Straus, 1820. Recorded by Gaviria (2001). Distributed in ‘‘Holarctic and Africa’’ (Benzie 2005; Kotov et al. 2013a). It is presumably an introduced species in South America (Gaviria-Melo et al. 2005). In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

22. Daphnia (Daphnia) obtusa Kurz, 1875 s.lat. Recorded by Stingelin (1913, figs 7-8) and Gaviria (2001). Nearly cosmopolitan complex (Benzie 2005; Kotov et al. 2013a). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region. There are many clades of the obtusa -like taxa in South America (Adamowicz et al. 2004; Kotov & Taylor 2010), and they need to be revised.

23. Daphnia (Daphnia) pulex Leydig, 1860 s.lat. Recorded by Gaviria (2001); Monroy et al. (2004, fig 4.2) and Aranguren et al. (2011). This species can be confused with Daphnia pulicaria Forbes, 1893 with which it frequently hybridizes at least in case of the Palaearctic populations, but these two taxa can be differentiated by the cell shapes of the rostrum, which are more elongated in D. pulicaria than in D. pulex (Benzie, 2005). Unfortunately this character was not shown by Monroy et al. (2004), therefore, the presence of D. pulex in Colombia should be confirmed. Some records of D. pulex in South America could refer to D. pulicaria s.lat. (Adamowicz et al. 2004). Daphnia pulex s.str. is distributed on every continent except Australia and Antarctica (Crease et al. 2012). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

Daphnia pulex var. obtusa forma latipalpa Moniez, 1888 in Stingelin (1913). Dubious determination keeping in mind that this taxon was described from the Azores (Portugal) (Moniez 1888).

24. Scapholeberis armata Herrick, 1882. Recorded by Barón-Rodríguez et al. (2006). Nearctic species (Kotov et al. 2013a). In Colombia, it occurs in the Andean region.

25. Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. Müller, 1776) s.lat. Recorded by Álvarez (2010). It prefers the Palaearctic and Nearctic areas, but it has been also reported from the Neotropical region (Kotov et al. 2013a). In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

26. Simocephalus acutirostratus King, 1853 s.lat. Recorded by Álvarez (2010). This species occurs in the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic regions (Orlova-Bienkoswkaja 2001; Kotov et al. 2013a). Similar species has been reported from Venezuela (Zoppi de Roa & Vasquez 1991, fig 4) and Brazil (Elmoor-Loureiro 1997, fig 45). Neotropical S. acutirostratus needs a revision (Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001). In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

27. Simocephalus cf. brehmi Gauthier, 1939 * . New record for Colombia. It is found in Ciénaga de Gamboa- Sucre, Colombia. Reported from Brazil and Venezuela as S. acutirostratus (Brehm 1937, 1938; Zoppi de Roa & Vasquez 1991, fig 4; Elmoor-Loureiro 1997, fig 45). Álvarez (2010) recorded S. acutirostratus in the Córdoba Department-Colombia and likely meant the same taxon, nevertheless no description or illustrations were represented. Specimens from the Ciénaga de Gamboa Sucre-Colombia are identical to those reported by Van Damme & Dumont (2010, fig 3) from Lençóis Maranhenses (Brazil) and do not fit neither S. acutirostratus (from N. America), nor S. brehmi (from Africa). Characters that distinguish them are: 1) an acute proximal angle on the postabdomen (like S. brehmi); (2) a distal marginal tooth on the postabdomen less than half its length from the postabdominal claw (unlike S. brehmi); 3) a very shallow to absent depression above and below posterior valve prominence (like in S. acutirostratus), armed with long spines; 4) an elongated, sharp rostrum; (5) a relatively large eye and ocellus (like S. acutirostratus). This species is different from S. acutirostratus and could be a new for science (Van Damme & Dumont 2010).

28. Simocephalus exspinosus (Koch, 1841) s.lat. Recorded by Villabona-González et al. (2011). Almost cosmopolitan taxon (Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001). In the Neotropics, there is a series of species in this group (Elías-Gutiérrez et al. 2008a-b), and some populations could belong to earlier described S. iheringi, see below. In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

29. Simocephalus iheringi Richard, 1897. Recorded by Stingelin (1913). Neotropical species (Kotov et al. 2013a) which needs to be redescribed. In Colombia, it has been reported from the Andean region. A preliminary analysis of its morphology suggests independent status of this taxon instead of to be a junior synonym of S. daphnoides Herrick, 1883 as it was accepted previously (Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001; Kotov et al., 2013a).

30. Simocephalus latirostris Stingelin, 1906. Recorded by Barón-Rodríguez et al. (2006); Álvarez (2010) and Fuentes-Reinés et al. (2012, fig 6). Neotropical species (Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2001). In Colombia, it has been reported from the Andean and Caribbean regions.

31. Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch, 1841) s.lat. Recorded by Stingelin (1913); Gaviria (1984, 1993b) and Fuentes-Reinés & Zoppi de Roa (2013). Cosmopolitan group (Orlova-Bienkoswkaja 2001; Kotov et al. 2013a), but it definitively consists of several species (Jefferey et al. 2011). In Colombia, it has been reported from the Andean and Caribbean regions.

32. Simocephalus vetuloides Sars, 1898. Recorded by Fuentes-Reinés & Zoppi de Roa (2013). Widely distributed species (Orlova-Bienkoswkaja 2001). In Colombia, it occurs in the Caribbean region.

Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Müller, 1776) in Stingelin (1913). Dubious record. S. vetulus s.str. seems to be a Palaearctic taxon (Orlova-Bienkoswkaja 2001; Huang et al. 2014).