Sympodium caeruleum Ehrenberg 1834
- 1. School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel yehudab @ tauex. tau. ac. il; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6999 - 0239
- 2. Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia.
- 3. Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
Description
Sympodium caeruleum Ehrenberg, 1834
Figs. 3B–C, 4, 5
Sympodium caeruleum Ehrenberg 1834: 61
Sympodium caeruleum Ehrenberg, 1834; Dana, 1846: 609; Hickson 1931: 174; Gohar 1940: 107–108, pl. VIII; Benayahu 1990: 118 (listed only); Reinicke 1995: 56–57, figs. 1, 12; Reinicke 1997: 23, figs 7a–b, Plate 9, 13; McFadden et al. 2011 (listed only); Haverkort-Yeh et al. 2013 (listed only); McFadden et al. 2019 (listed only).
Sympodium coeruleum: Milne Edwards & Haime 1857: 111; Gray, 1869: 120; Wright & Studer, 1889: 271 (listed only).
S. coeruleum: Kükenthal 1904: 39–41, plate 4, fig. 3; pl. 5, figs. 13, 14; Kükenthal 1913: 2 (listed only); Kükenthal 1916: 456.
? Sympodium cöruleum: Klunzinger 1877: 42–43, Plate 3, Fig. 5.
Not Sympodium caeruleum: May 1899: 51–52; Thomson & Henderson: 1906: 408; Thomson & Mackinnon, 1910: 168; Thomson & Dean 1931: 21; Roxas 1933: 107, pl. 3 fig. 4; Macfadyen 1936: 23; Tixier-Durivault 1966: 371–372, fig. 334; Verseveldt 1973: 168–169; Utinomi: 1977: 7–8, plate II, fig. 5; Benayahu 1993: 6 (listed only); Malyutin 1992: 2 (listed only): Janes 2013: 198 (listed only); McFadden et al. 2014a: Table 1.
Material examined. Syntypes: Egypt. ZMB Cni 240 (several colonies), northern Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Sinai, At-Tur, coll. H. H. R. Hartmeyer. Additional material: Egypt. ZMH C 3245, same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 9897, northern Red Sea Gulf of Suez, Abu Durbah (28° 28’ 25”N, 33° 19’ 51”E), 1 October 1972, coll. L. Fishelson; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 9898, same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 25585, same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 25397, northern Red Sea, southern tip of Sinai Peninsula, 2–5 m, 8 November 1981, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 25641, northern Red Sea, southern tip of Sinai Peninsula, Shaab al Utaf (27°45’ 23.6”N, 34°10’10.4”E), 3 m, 15 August 1987, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 26022, northern Red Sea, southern tip of Sinai, 27 March 1987, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 26024, northern Red Sea, Straits of Tiran, 18 m, 27 March 1988, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 26031, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Shag Rock (27°47’00.0”N 33°53’00.0”E), 25 m, 7 October 1987, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 26032, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Shag Rock (27°47’00.0”N 33°53’00.0”E), 8 October 1987, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 26033, northern Red Sea, southern tip of Sinai Peninsula, Shaab al Utaf (27°45’23.6”N, 34°10’10.4”E), 10 m, 5 October 1988, Coll. Y. Benayahu; Israel. SMNHTAU_ Co _ 7953, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, 1 June 1971, coll. L. Fishelson; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 34184, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Princess Coral Reef (29°29.77’N, 34°54.53’E), 22.9–24.4 m, 26 July 2007, coll. Y. Benayahu; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 34185, same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 34919, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Oil Jetty (29.52993°N, 34.93535°E), 13 m, 30 November 2008, coll. D. Aharonovich; SMNHTAU_ Co _35020; northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, the reef across the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Israel (29°30′N, 034°55′E), 10–12m, 19 February 2008, coll. D. Aharonovich; SMNHTAU_ Co _35028, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Oil Jetty (29.52993°N, 34.93535°E), 13 May 2008, 12 m, coll. D. Aharonovich; SMNHTAU_ Co _35030 same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _35032 same details; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 35044, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Coral Beach Nature Reserve (29.50993°N, 34.92.39°E), 20 m, 18 January, 2011, coll. A. Halász; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 37045, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Oil Jetty (29.52993°N, 34.93535°E), 10 m, 9 November 2011, coll. A. Halász; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 37046, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Oil Jetty (29.52993°N, 34.93535°E), 15 m, 9 November 2011, coll. A. Halász; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 37047, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Princess Coral Reef, (29°29.77’N, 34°54.53’E), 25 m, 8 November 2011, coll. A. Halász; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 37048, northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Oil Jetty (29.52993°N, 34.93535°E), 10 m, 9 November 2011, coll. A. Halász; SMNHTAU_ Co _ 37688, Northern Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Eilat, Princess Coral Reef (29°29.77’N, 34°54.53’E), 5 m, 20 March 2018, coll. R. Liberman. Saudi Arabia. USNM1201982, Al Lith, Marmar Reef (19 o 50’N, 39 o 56’E), 5 m, April 2011, coll. R. Haverkort-Yeh; USNM1201969, Dora Reef (19 o 49’N, 39 o 53’E), 6 m, April 2011, coll. R. Haverkort-Yeh; UF 9544, Yanbu, Shi’b Sufflami (23.543467°N, 38.22791°7E), 4 March 2014, coll. G. Paulay; UF 14223, Jeddah (21.7127°N, 39.0803°E), 24.4 m, 26 October 2018, coll. C. McFadden.
Description. The syntypes, ZMB Cni 240, consist of several small encrusting membrane-like colonies firmly attached to an irregular calcareous fragment measuring approximately 10 x 6 cm (Fig. 4A). The largest colony is 2.5 x 2 cm and the others are smaller, approximately 1 cm 2. Certain parts of the colonies are extended into small crevices of the fragment. The membrane overgrowing the substrate is 1–1.5 mm thick. Some of the polyps are fully retracted while others are partly expanded (Fig. 4B). The polyp body is up to 10 mm long and the tentacles up to 5 mm long. The pinnules are arranged in 3 rows, with 5–8 pinnules in the outermost row. They are short, approximately 1 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, with almost no space between adjacent ones.
The sclerites of the syntypes are ellipsoid platelets, highly abundant throughout the colony, measuring 0.010 – 0.012 x 0.014 –0.017 mm in diameter (Fig. 5A). They are composed of calcite rods, uniform in diameter of ca. 0.001 mm; the tips of the rods are perpendicular to the surface of the sclerite, giving it a granular appearance (Fig. 5B).
Color. The ethanol-preserved syntypes are gray.
Variation. The morphological features of the sequenced colony (SMNHTAU_Co_ 34185) resemble those of the syntypes, and it similarly grows over a calcareous fragment by means of a thin spreading membrane. The pinnules are arranged in 2–3 rows, with 6–7 pinnules in the outermost one. Some pinnules are retracted, however the few expanded ones are up to 1 mm in length. Similarly, other Red Sea colonies that were sequenced (USNM1201982 and USNM 1201969) resemble the syntypes, except in size.
Color. All the ethanol-preserved samples are gray.
Remarks. The morphology of all the additional S. caeruleum colonies collected from the Red Sea (Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia) corresponds to the syntypes, but they may differ in size and in the density of the polyps emerging from the spreading membrane. All of the sequenced colonies (SMNHTAU_Co_ 34185, USNM 1201982, USNM 1201969, UF 9544 and UF 14223) were assigned to MOTU21 (McFadden et al. 2019). Based on the current findings, it is suggested that this species is the only representative of the genus present in the Red Sea.
Living features. The live colonies feature a membrane-like morphology with expanded polyps, whose color presents a bluish or light greyish-white tinge (Figs. 3B–C).
Distribution. Red Sea.
Notes
Files
Files
(7.8 kB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:ff15463cfb8d76d509cded65abec5560
|
7.8 kB | Download |
System files
(89.8 kB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:3d3fcbb788568420b26ede3b5003548f
|
89.8 kB | Download |
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
Biodiversity
- Collection code
- R , UF , USNM , ZMB , ZMH
- Material sample ID
- C 3245 , UF 14223 , UF 9544 , USNM1201969 , USNM1201982 , USNM1201982, USNM 1201969
- Event date
- 1971-06-01 , 1972-10-01 , 1981-11-08 , 1987-03-27 , 1987-08-15 , 1987-10-07 , 1987-10-08 , 1988-03-27 , 1988-10-05 , 2007-07-26 , 2008-02-19 , 2008-05-13 , 2008-11-30 , 2011-11-08 , 2011-11-09 , 2014-03-04 , 2018-03-20 , 2018-10-26
- Verbatim event date
- 1971-06-01 , 1972-10-01 , 1981-11-08 , 1987-03-27 , 1987-08-15 , 1987-10-07 , 1987-10-08 , 1988-03-27 , 1988-10-05 , 2007-07-26 , 2008-02-19 , 2008-05-13 , 2008-11-30 , 2011-11-08 , 2011-11-09 , 2014-03-04 , 2018-03-20 , 2018-10-26
- Scientific name authorship
- Ehrenberg
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Cnidaria
- Order
- Alcyonacea
- Family
- Xeniidae
- Genus
- Sympodium
- Species
- caeruleum
- Taxon rank
- species
- Type status
- syntype
- Taxonomic concept label
- Sympodium caeruleum Ehrenberg, 1834 sec. Benayahu, Ekins & Mcfadden, 2021
References
- Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834) Beitrage zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1, 225 - 380. [1832]
- Dana, J. D. (1846) Synopsis of the report on zoophytes of the U. S. Exploring Expedition around the world, under C. Wilkes, U. S. N. commander, in the years 1838 - 1842. Published by the author, New Heaven, 172 pp.
- Hickson, S. J. (1931) The Alcyonarian family Xeniidae, with a revision of the genera and species. Scientific Reports Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 4, 137 - 179.
- Gohar, H. A. F. (1940) Studies on the Xeniidae of the Red Sea " Their Ecology, Physiology, Taxonomy and Phylogeny ". Publication of the Marine Biological Station Ghardaqa (Red Sea), 2, 25 - 118.
- Benayahu, Y. (1990) Xeniidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from the Red Sea with description of a new species. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 64, 113 - 120.
- Reinicke, G. B. (1995) Xeniidae des Roten Meeres (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea). Beitragezur Systematik und Okologie. Essener Okologische Schriften, 6, 1 - 168.
- Reinicke, G. B. (1997) Xeniidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the Red Sea with descriptions of six new species of Xenia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 16, 5 - 62.
- McFadden, C. S., Benayahu, Y., Pante, E., Thoma, J. N., Nevarez, P. A. & France, S. C. (2011) Limitations of mitochondrial gene barcoding in Octocorallia. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 0998.2010.02875. x
- Haverkort-Yeh, R. D., McFadden, C. S., Benayahu, Y., Berumen, M., Halasz, A. & Toonen, R. J. (2013) A taxonomic survey of Saudi Arabian Red Sea octocorals (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea). Marine Biodiversity, 43, 279 - 291. https: // doi. org / 0.1007 / s 12526 - 013 - 0157 - 4
- McFadden, C. S., Gonzalez, A., Imada, R., Shi, S. S., Hong, P., Ekins, M. & Benayahu, Y. (2019) Molecular operational taxonomic units reveal restricted geographic ranges and regional endemism in the Indo-Pacific octocoral family Xeniidae. Journal of Biogeography, 46, 992 - 1006. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13543
- Gray, J. E. (1869) Notes on the fleshy alcyonoid corals (Alcyonium, Linn. or Zoophytaria carnosa). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 3 (14), 117 - 131 https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936908695893
- Wright, E. P. & Studer, T. (1889) In: Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 31 (Part 64), 1 - 314.
- Kukenthal, W. (1904) Uber einige Korallthiere des Rothen Meeres. Jenaische Denkscriften, 11, 33 - 58.
- Kukenthal, W. (1913) Alcyonaria des Roten Meeres. In: Expeditionen S. M. Schiff " Pola " in das Rote Meer. Zoologische Ergebnisse, 29, pp. 1 - 33.
- Kukenthal, W. (1916) Die Gorgonarien Westindiens. Kap. 1, Die Scleraxonier; 2, Uber den Venusfacher; 3, die Gattung Xiphigorgia Haime & Milne-Edwards. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Supplement 11 (4), 443 - 450.
- May, W. (1899) Beitrage zur Systematik und Chorologie der Alcyonaceen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 33 (26), 1 - 180.
- Thomson, J. A. & Mackinnon, D. L. (1910) Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladon Trust Expedition by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia and Stelechotokea. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 13 (2), 165 - 211.
- Thomson, J. A. & Dean, L. M. I. (1931) Alcyonacea of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga- Expedition Monograph, 13 d, 1 - 227.
- Roxas, H. A. (1933) Philippine Alcyonaria the families Cornulariidae and Xeniidae. The Philippine Journal of Science, 50, 49 - 110.
- Macfadyen, L. M. I. (1936) Alcyonaria (Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Telestacea and Gorgonacea). Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 1929, Scientific Reports, 5, 19 - 72.
- Tixier-Durivault, A. (1966) Octocoralliares. Fauna de Madagascar, 21, 1 - 456.
- Verseveldt, J. (1973) Octocorallia from North-Western Madagascar (Part IIID). Proceedings Koninkliijke Nederlanse Akademie van Weternschappen, Amsterdam, Series C, 76, 58 - 171.
- Benayahu, Y. (1993) Corals of the South-West Indian Ocean I. Alcyonacea from Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Oceanography Research Institute Investigatioanl Reports, 67, 1 - 15.
- Malyutin, A. N. (1992) Octocorallia from the Seychelles Islands with some ecological observations. Atoll Research Bulletin, 367, 1 - 4.
- Janes, M. P. (2013) Distribution and diversity of the soft coral family Xeniidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) in Lembeh Strait, Indonesia. Galaxea JCRS, 15 (Supplement), 195 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.3755 / galaxea. 15.195
- McFadden, C. S., Reynolds, A. M. & Janes, M. P. (2014 a) DNA barcoding of xeniid soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Xeniidae) from Indonesia: species richness and phylogenetic relationships. Systematics & Biodiversity, 12, 247 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2014.902866