Precise selection of legumes for fish

Legumes are protein-rich crops that can be suitable ingredients for fish feed. Soybean meal has been widely used in fish feed formulations. However, the bioavailability of the legume protein varies between fish species. Moreover, legumes often contain anti-nutritional factors that impair digestion and phytoestrogens that might suppress growth. Suitable screening methods can determine the level and effect of these substances precisely and support informed choice of legumes for use in fish feed manufacturing.