Updates on Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in females globally, and its epidemiological behavior is similar to that of a low-infectious venereal illness. Early sexual contact and various sexual partners have been demonstrated to have a significant influence on risk. The significant disparities in incidence between nations are also a result of the adoption of screening. While the overall picture of declining incidence and death persists, there are indicators of an increased risk of cervical cancer, most likely related to changes in sexual activity. Tobacco use and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 infection are presently major concerns in a multifactorial, stepwise carcinogenesis concept in the cervix uteri. As a result, it is advised that society-wide preventative and control measures, screening activities, and HPV vaccination be implemented. Cervical cancer screening techniques have advanced from observation of cell morphology to molecular testing. HPV genotyping at high risk and liquid-based cytology are both extensively recommended and utilized worldwide. In the future, procedures that are precise, inexpensive, quick, and simple to use will gain popularity. Cervical malignancies account for about 90% of all cancers in low- and middle-income countries that lack organized screening and HPV immunization programs. Cervical cancer incidence and death have more than halved in high-income nations in the 30 years after the establishment of comprehensive screening programs. Treatment is determined on the degree of the illness at diagnosis and the availability of resources locally, and may include radical hysterectomy, chemoradiation, or a combination of the two. For women with low-risk, early-stage illness, conservative, fertility-preserving surgical techniques have become the standard of therapy.