Info: Zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between Dec 23 and Jan 5. Response times may be slightly longer than normal.

Published October 1, 2021 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae

Description

Otoo, Benjamin K A, Bolt, John R, Lombard, R Eric, Angielczyk, Kenneth D, Coates, Michael I (2021): The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2): 700, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/193/2/700/6144098

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFEBFFB19D66B055E310FFC02171D67B
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFEBFFB19D66B055E310FFC02171D67B

References

  • Ahlberg PE, Clack JA. 2020. The smallest known Devonian tetrapod shows unexpectedly derived features. Royal Society Open Science 7: 192117.
  • Ahlberg PE, Clack JA, Blom H. 2005. The axial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega. Nature 437: 137-140.
  • Ahlberg PE, Clack JA, Luksevics E, Blom H, Zupins I. 2008. Ventastega curonica and the origin of tetrapod morphology. Nature 453: 1199-1204.
  • Anderson JS, Smithson TR, Mansky CF, Meyer T, Clack JA. 2015. A diverse tetrapod fauna at the base of 'Romer's Gap'. PLoS One 10: 1-27.
  • Bazzana KD, Gee BM, Bevitt JJ, Reisz RR. 2020. Postcranial anatomy and histology of Seymouria, and the terrestriality of seymouriamorphs. PeerJ 8: e8698.
  • Beaumont EH. 1977. Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280: 29-101.
  • Becker RT, Kaiser SI, Aretz M. 2016. Review of chrono-, litho- and biostratigraphy across the global Hangenberg Crisis and Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 423: 355-386.
  • Bennett CE, Kearsey TI, Davies SJ, Millward D, Clack JA, Smithson TR, Marshall JEA. 2016. Early Mississippian sandy siltstones preserve rare vertebrate fossils in seasonal flooding episodes. Sedimentology 63: 1677-1700.
  • Bennett CE, Howard AS, Davies SJ, Kearsey TI, Millward D, Brand PJ, Browne MAE, Reeves EJ, Marshall JEA. 2017 . Ichnofauna record cryptic marine incursions onto a coastal floodplain at a key Lower Mississippian tetrapod site. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 468: 287-300.
  • Berman DS, Henrici AC, Sumida SS , Martens T. 2000 . Redescription of Seymouria sanjuanensis (Seymouriamorpha) from the Lower Permian of Germany based on complete, mature specimens with a discussion of paleoecology of the Bromacker locality assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 253-268.
  • Bernardi M, Angielczyk KD, Mitchell JS, Ruta M. 2016. Phylogenetic stability, tree shape, and character compatibility: a case study using early tetrapods. Systematic Biology 65: 737-758.
  • Bishop PJ. 2014. The humerus of Ossinodus puer i, a stem tetrapod from the Carboniferous of Gondwana, and the early evolution of the tetrapod forelimb. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 38: 209-238.
  • Bolt JR, Lombard RE. 2000. Palaeobiology of Whatcheeria deltae. In: Heatwole H, Carroll RL, eds. Amphibian biology. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons, 1044-1052.
  • Bolt JR, Lombard RE. 2006. Sigournea multidentata, a new stem tetrapod from the Upper Mississippian of Iowa, USA. Journal of Paleontology 80: 717-725.
  • Bolt JR, Lombard RE. 2010. Deltaherpeton hiemstrae, a new colosteid tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa. Journal of Paleontology 84: 1135-1151.
  • Bolt JR, Lombard RE. 2018. Palate and braincase of Whatcheeria deltae Lombard & Bolt, 1995. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109: 177-200.
  • Bolt JR, McKay RM, Witzke BJ, McAdams MP. 1988. A new Lower Carboniferous tetrapod locality in Iowa. Nature 333: 768-770.
  • Boy JA. 1988. Uber einige Vertreter der Eryopoidea (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem europaischen Rotliegend (? hochstes Karbon-Perm). 1. Sclerocephalus. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 62: 107-132.
  • Boy JA. 1990. Uber einige Vertreter der Eryopoidea (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem europaischen Rotliegend (? hochstes Karbon-Perm) 3. Onchiodon. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 64: 287-312.
  • Broussard DR, Trop JM, Benowitz JA, Daeschler EB, Chamberlain JA, Chamberlain RB. 2018. Depositional setting, taphonomy and geochronology of new fossil sites in the Catskill Formation (Upper Devonian) of north-central Pennsylvania, USA, including a new early tetrapod fossil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 511: 168-187.
  • Byrne HM, Green JAM, Balbus SA, Ahlberg PE. 2020. Tides: a key environmental driver of osteichthyan evolution and the fish-tetrapod transition? Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476: 20200355.
  • Chen D, Alavi Y, Brazeau MD, Blom H, Millward D, Ahlberg PE. 2018. A partial lower jaw of a tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108: 55-65.
  • Clack JA. 1987a. Two new specimens of Anthracosaurus (Amphibia: Anthracosauria) from the Northumberland Coal Measures. Palaeontology 30: 15-26.
  • Clack JA. 1987b. Pholiderpeton scutigerum Huxley, an Amphibian from the Yorkshire Coal Measures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 318: 1-107.
  • Clack JA. 1997. The Scottish Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus (Lydekker) - cranial anatomy and relationships. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88: 127-142.
  • Clack JA. 2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. Nature 418: 72-76.
  • Clack JA, Ahlberg PE. 2004. A new stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Northern Ireland. In: Arratia G, Wilson MVH, Cloutier R, eds. Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates. Munich: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, 309-320.
  • Clack JA, Ahlberg PE, Blom H, Finney SM. 2012. A new genus of Devonian tetrapod from North-East Greenland, with new information on the lower jaw of Ichthyostega. Palaeontology 55: 73-86.
  • Clack JA, Finney SM. 2005. Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the tournaisian of Western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311-346.
  • Clack JA, Milner AR. 2015. Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 3A1: basal Tetrapoda (Sues HD, ed.). Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
  • Clack JA, Bennett CE, Carpenter DK, Davies SJ, Fraser NC, Kearsey TI, Marshall JEA, Millward D, Otoo BKA, Reeves EJ, Ross AJ, Ruta M, Smithson KZ, Smithson TR, Walsh SA. 2016. Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 1-11.
  • Clack JA, Bennett CE, Davies SJ, Scott AC, Sherwin JE, Smithson TR. 2019a. A Tournaisian (earliest Carboniferous) conglomerate-preserved non-marine faunal assemblage and its environmental and sedimentological context. PeerJ 6: e5972.
  • Clack JA, Ruta M, Milner AR, Marshall JEA, Smithson TR, Smithson KZ. 2019b. Acherontiscus caledoniae : the earliest heterodont and durophagous tetrapod. Royal Society Open Science 6: 182087.
  • Clement G, Ahlberg PE, Blieck A, Blom H, Clack JA, Poty E, Thorez J, Janvier P. 2004. Devonian tetrapod from Western Europe. Nature 427: 412-413.
  • Coates MI. 1996. The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363-421.
  • Coates MI, Ruta M, Friedman M. 2008. Ever since Owen: changing perspectives on the early evolution of tetrapods.Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39: 571-592.
  • Daeschler EB, Clack JA, Shubin NH. 2009. Late Devonian tetrapod remains from Red Hill, Pennsylvania, USA: how much diversity? Acta Zoologica 90: 306-317.
  • Estefa J, Klembara J, Tafforeau P, Sanchez S. 2020. Limbbone development of seymouriamorphs: implications for the evolution of growth strategy in stem amniotes. Frontiers in Earth Science 8: 97.
  • Fish FE. 2000. Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale. Physiological and Biomechanical Zoology 73: 683-698.
  • Fish FE, Baudinette RV, Frappell PB, Sarre MP. 1997. Energetics of swimming by the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus: metabolic effort associated with rowing. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 2647-2652.
  • Garcia WJ, Storrs GW, Greb SF. 2006. The Hancock County tetrapod locality: a new Mississippian (Chesterian) wetlands fauna from western Kentucky (USA). Special Papers. Wetlands through Time. Boulder: Geological Society of America.
  • Gee BM. 2020. Size matters: the effects of ontogenetic disparity on the phylogeny of Trematopidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 79-113.
  • Gee BM, Bevitt JJ, Reisz RR. 2019. A juvenile specimen of the trematopid Acheloma from Richards Spur, Oklahoma and challenges of trematopid ontogeny. Frontiers in Earth Science 7: 1-18.
  • Gee BM, Haridy Y, Reisz RR. 2 0 2 0 . Histological skeletochronology indicates developmental plasticity in the early Permian stem lissamphibian Doleserpeton annectens. Ecology and Evolution 10: 2153-2169.
  • Godfrey SJ. 1989. The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani Romer, 1969. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 323: 75-133.
  • Greb SF, Storrs GW, Garcia WJ, Eble CF. 2016. Late Mississippian vertebrate palaeoecology and taphonomy, Buffalo Wallow Formation, western Kentucky, USA.Lethaia 49: 199-218.
  • Herbst EC, Hutchinson JR. 2018. New insights into the morphology of the Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus from computed tomography. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109: 157-175.
  • Holmes R. 1984. The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheeli Romer and the early evolution of tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 306: 431-524.
  • Holmes RB. 1989. The skull and axial skeleton of the Lower Permian anthracosauroid amphibian Archeria crassidisca Cope. Palaeontographica Abteilung A (Palaeozoologie- Stratigraphie) 207: 161-206.
  • Holmes RB, Carroll RL. 2010. An articulated embolomere skeleton (Amphibia: Anthracosauria) from the Lower Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian) of Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47: 209-219.
  • Hook RW. 1983. Colosteus scutellatus (Newberry), a primitive temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio. American Museum Novitates 2770: 1-41.
  • Howell AB. 1937. The swimming mechanism of the platypus. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 217.
  • Jaekel O. 1909. Uber die Klassen der Tetrapoden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 34: 193-212.
  • Jarvik E. 1996. The Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega. Fossils and Strata 40: 1-213.
  • Kaiser SI, Aretz M, Becker RT. 2016. The global Hangenberg Crisis (Devonian-Carboniferous transition): review of a firstorder mass extinction. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 423: 387-437.
  • Karakasiliotis K, Schilling N, Cabelguen JM, IJspeert AJ. 2013. Where are we in understanding salamander locomotion: biological and robotic perspectives on kinematics. Biological Cybernetics 107: 529-544.
  • Kassambara A, Mundt F. 2020. Factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R Package software. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra
  • Klembara J. 1985. A new embolomerous amphibian (Anthracosauria) from the Upper Carboniferous of Florence, Nova Scotia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 293-302.
  • Klembara J. 2011. The cranial anatomy, ontogeny, and relationships of Karpinskiosaurus secundus (Amalitzky) (Seymouriamorpha, Karpinskiosauridae) from the Upper Permian of European Russia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 184-212.
  • Klembara J, Bartik I. 1999. The postcranial skeleton of Discosauriscus Kuhn, a seymouriamorph tetrapod from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Furrow (Czech Republic). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 90: 287-316.
  • Klembara J, Berman DS, Henrici AC, Cernansky A, Werneburg R. 2006. Comparison of cranial anatomy and proportions of similarly sized Seymoura sanjuanensis and Discosauriscus austriacus.Annals of Carnegie Museum 75: 37-49.
  • Lawver LA,Dalziel IWD,Norton IO,Gahagan LM, Davis J. 2015. The PLATES 2014 Atlas of Plate Reconstructions (550 Ma to Present Day). PLATES Progress Report No. 374-0215. University of Texas Technical Report 201: 1-220.
  • Lebedev OA, Coates MI. 1995. The postcranial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Tulerpeton curtum Lebedev. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 114: 307-348.
  • Lennie KI. 2020. A multimethod analysis to assess locomotor capabilities in stem tetrapods from Blue Beach (Tournaisian; Early Carboniferous), Nova Scotia. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Calgary.
  • Lennie KI, Mansky CF, Anderson JS. 2020. New Crassigyrinus -like fibula from the Tournaisian (earliest Carboniferous) of Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57: 1365-1369.
  • Lombard RE, Bolt JR. 1995. A new primitive tetrapod, Whatcheeria deltae, from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa. Palaeontology 38: 471-494.
  • Lombard RE, Bolt JR. 2006. The mandible of Whatcheeria deltae, and early tetrapod from the Late Mississippian of Iowa. In: Carrano MT, Blob RW, Gaudin TJ, Wible JR, eds. Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 21-52.
  • MacIver MA, Schmitz L , Mugan U, Murphey TD, Mobley CD. 2017. Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of terrestrial vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114: E2375-E2384.
  • Marjanovic D, Laurin M. 2019. Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix. PeerJ 6: e5565.
  • Milner AC, Lindsay W. 1998. Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of the Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 211-235.
  • Milner AR, Smithson TR, Milner AC, Coates MI, Rolfe WDI. 1986. The search for early tetrapods. Modern Geology 10: 1-28.
  • Moulton JM. 1974. A description of the vertebral column of Eryops based on the notes and drawings of A.S. Romer. Breviora 428: 1-44.
  • Nyakatura JA, Melo K, Horvat T, Karakasiliotis K, Allen VR , Andikfar A , Andrada E , Arnold P , Laustroer J, Hutchinson JR, Fischer MS, IJspeert AJ. 2019. Reverse-engineering the locomotion of a stem amniote. Nature 565: 351-355.
  • O Gogain A, Falcon-Lang HJ, Carpenter DK, Miller RF, Benton MJ, Pufahl PK, Ruta M, Davies TG, Hinds SJ, Stimson MR. 2016. Fish and tetrapod communities across a marine to brackish salinity gradient in the Pennsylvanian (early Moscovian) Minto Formation of New Brunswick, Canada, and their palaeoecological and palaeogeographical implications. Palaeontology 59: 689-724.
  • Olive S, Ahlberg PE, Pernegre VN, Poty E, Steurbaut E, Clement G. 2016. New discoveries of tetrapods (ichthyostegid-like and whatcheeriid-like) in the Famennian (Late Devonian) localities of Strud and Becco (Belgium). Palaeontology 59: 827-840.
  • Otoo BKA, Clack JA , Smithson TR, Bennett CE, Kearsey TI, Coates MI. 2018. A fish and tetrapod fauna from Romer's Gap preserved in Scottish Tournaisian floodplain deposits. Palaeontology 62: 225-253.
  • Panchen AL. 1975. A new genus of anthracosaur amphibian from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland and the status of Pholidogaster pisciformis Huxley. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269: 582-637.
  • Panchen AL . 1977 . On Anthracosaurus russelli Huxley (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia) and the family Anthracosauridae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279: 447-512.
  • Panchen AL. 1985. On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 309: 505-568.
  • Panchen AL, Smithson TR. 1990. The pelvic girdle and hind limb of Crassigyrinus scoticus (Lydekker) from the Scottish Carboniferous and the origin of the tetrapod pelvic skeleton. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 81: 31-44.
  • Pardo JD, Szostakiwskyj M, Ahlberg PE, Anderson JS. 2017. Hidden morphological diversity among early tetrapods. Nature 546: 642-645.
  • Pardo JD, Small BJ, Milner AR, Huttenlocker AK. 2019. Carboniferous-Permian climate change constrained early land vertebrate radiations. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 200-206.
  • Pardo JD, Lennie K, Anderson JS. 2020. Can we reliably calibrate deep nodes in the tetrapod tree? Case studies in deep tetrapod divergences. Frontiers in Genetics 11: 506749.
  • Paton RL, Smithson TR, Clack JA. 1999. An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Nature 398: 508-513.
  • Pawley K. 2007. The postcranial skeleton of Trimerorhachis insignis (Temnospondyli:Trimerorhachidae): a plesiomorphic temnospondyl from the Lower Permian of North America. Journal of Paleontology 81: 873-894.
  • Pawley K, Warren A. 2006. The appendicular skeleton of Eryops megalocephalus Cope 1877 (Temnospondyli: Eryopoidea) from the Lower Permian of North America. Journal of Paleontology 80: 561-580.
  • Pierce SE, Clack JA, Hutchinson JR. 2012. Threedimensional limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega. Nature 486: 523-526.
  • Pierce SE, Ahlberg PE, Hutchinson JR, Molnar JL, Sanchez S, Tafforeau P, Clack JA. 2013a. Vertebral architecture in the earliest stem tetrapods.Nature 494: 226-229.
  • Pierce SE, Hutchinson JR, Clack JA. 2013b. historical perspectives on the evolution of tetrapodomorph movement. Integrative and Comparative Biology 53: 209-223.
  • Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA. 2015. Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLoS One 10: e0118882.
  • R Core Team. 2019. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Romer AS. 1957. The appendicular skeleton of the Permian embolomerous amphibian Archeria. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 13: 103-159.
  • RStudio Team. 2019. RStudio. Boston: RStudio, Inc.
  • Ruta M, Coates MI. 2007. Dates, nodes and character conflict: addressing the lissamphibian origin problem. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 69-122.
  • Ruta M, Wills MA. 2016. Comparable disparity in the appendicular skeleton across the fish-tetrapod transition, and the morphological gap between fish and tetrapod postcrania. Palaeontology 59: 249-267.
  • Ruta M, Milner AR, Coates MI. 2002. The tetrapod Caerorhachis bairdi Holmes and Carroll from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 229-261.
  • Ruta M, Coates MI, Quicke DLJ. 2003. Early tetrapod relationships revisited. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 78: 251-345.
  • Ruta M, Wagner PJ, Coates MI. 2006. Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 2107-2111.
  • Ruta M, Krieger J, Angielczyk KD, Wills MA. 2018. The evolution of the tetrapod humerus: morphometrics, disparity, and evolutionary rates. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109: 351-369.
  • Ruta M, Clack JA, Smithson TR. 2020. A review of the stem amniote Eldeceeon rolfei from the Visean of East Kirkton, Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 1-20. Doi: 10.1017/ S1755691020000079.
  • Sallan LC, Coates MI. 2010. End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107: 10131-10135.
  • Sawin HJ. 1941. The cranial anatomy of Eryops megacephalus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 88: 405-464.
  • Schoch RR. 1999. Comparative osteology of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden- Wurttemberg, Bayern, Thuringen). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde B 278: 1-173.
  • Schoch RR. 2001. Can metamorphosis be recognised in Palaeozoic amphibians? Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 220: 335-367.
  • Schoch RR. 2009a. Evolution of life cycles in early amphibians. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37: 135-162.
  • Schoch RR. 2009b. Life-cycle evolution as a response to diverse lake habitats in Palaeozoic amphibians.Evolution 63: 2738-2749.
  • Schoch RR, Rubidge BS. 2005. The amphibamid Micropholis from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 502-522.
  • Schoch RR, Witzmann F. 2009. Osteology and relationships of the temnospondyl genus Sclerocephalus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 135-168.
  • Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Coates MI. 2004. The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus. Science 304: 90-93.
  • Slowikowski K. 2020. Ggrepel: automatically position nonoverlapping text labels with ggplot2. R package software. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggrepel
  • Smithson TR. 1982. The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 29-90.
  • Smithson TR. 1985. The morphology and relationships of the Carboniferous amphibian Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 317-410.
  • Smithson TR. 1993. Eldeceeon rolfei, a new reptiliomorph from the Visean of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 84: 377-382.
  • Smithson TR, Clack JA. 2018. A new tetrapod from Romer's Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108: 89-97.
  • Smithson TR, Wood SP, Marshall JEA, Clack JA. 2012. Earliest Carboniferous tetrapod and arthropod faunas from Scotland populate Romer's Gap. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109: 4532-4537.
  • Snyder D. 2006. A study of the fossil vertebrate fauna from the Jasper Hiemstra Quarry, Delta, Iowa and its environment. PhD thesis, University of Iowa.
  • Tang Y, Horikoshi M, Li W. 2016. Ggfortify: data visualization tools for statistical analysis results. R Package software. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggfortify
  • Walker JA, Westneat MW. 2000. Mechanical performance of aquatic rowing and flying. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 267: 1875-1881.
  • Wagner PJ, Ruta M, Coates MI. 2006. Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. II. Differing constraints on available character space among clades. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273: 2113-2118.
  • Warren A. 2007. New data on Ossinodus pueri, a stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 850-862.
  • Warren A, Turner S. 2004. The first stem tetrapod from the Lower Carboniferous of Gondwana. Palaeontology 47: 151-184.
  • White TE. 1939. Osteology of Seymouria baylorensis Broil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 85: 325-409.
  • Wickham H. 2016. Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Zhang F, Dahl TW, Lenton TM, Luo G, Zhong SS, Algeo TJ, Planavsky N, Liu J, Cui Y, Qie W, Romaniello SJ, Anbar AD. 2020. Extensive marine anoxia associated with the Late Devonian Hangenberg Crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 533: 115976.