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Published September 17, 2021 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 and associated factors among health care workers in Silte zone, southern Ethiopia

  • 1. Department of nursing, Collage of medicine and health sciences, Werabe University, Southern Ethiopia
  • 2. Department of nursing, College of medicine health sciences, Werabe University, Southern Ethiopia.
  • 3. Department of statistics, Collage of natural and computational science, Werabe University, Southern Ethiopia
  • 4. Department of plant science, Collage of Agriculture, Werabe university, Southern Ethiopia
  • 5. Collage of humanity sciences, Werabe University,Southern Ethiopia
  • 6. Department of , Collage of humanity sciences, Werabe University,Southern Ethiopia
  • 7. Department of Biology, Collage of natural and computational science, Werabe University, Southern Ethiopia

Description

Abstracts

Background: Healthcare workers are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than the general population due to frequent contact with infected individuals. This study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 and associated factors among health care workers.

Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among health care workers in Silte Zone. A total of 379 health professionals were selected using multistage stratified sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression model was used to see association between outcome and independent variables.

Results: This study found 74.9%, 84.2% and 68.9% prevalence of adequate knowledge, positive attitude and good practice respectively. Working in comprehensive specialized hospital (AOR=4.46, 95% CI =1.46-13.62).having MSC degree (AOR=10.26, 95% CI = 2.27-46.44), and training on COVID-19 (AOR= 6.59, 95% CI =2.97-14.65) were strongly associated with knowledge of health care workers. On the other hand, older age (AOR=3.35, 95% CI =1.07-10.50), training on COVID-19 (AOR=3.73,  95% CI =1.82-7.63), Work experience (AOR=3.78, 95% CI =1.46-9.80) and Knowledge (AOR=5.45, 95% CI=2.60-11.43) were significantly associated with attitude, whereas source of information from friends or colleagues (AOR=3.13, 95% CI =1.28-7.66), working in primary hospital (AOR= 0.36, 95% CI =0.21-0.620) and having good knowledge (AOR= 1.80,  95% CI = 1.03-3.14) were strongly associated with good  practice of health care workers. 

Conclusion: This study found majority of health care workers had good level of knowledge and positive attitude toward COVID-19, but lower proportion of health care workers practices sufficiently in the study area. Type of health facilities, level of education, training on COVID-19, work experience, type of source of information were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude and practice of health care workers. Stakeholders need to focus on interventions that increase preventive practices of health care workers.

Key words: Health care workers, COVID-19, Knowledge, Attitude and practice, Ethiopia

 

 

Introduction

COVID-19 is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the highly contagious novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV 2)[1]. The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and now quickly spreading around the world, resulting in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic[2]. As of 5th January 2010, globally more than 78.8 million cases have been reported across 218 countries and territories, resulting in more than 1,733,488 deaths. And more than 55,452,004 people have recovered[3]

Ethiopia confirmed the first case of COVID-19 at 13 March 2020. The person found positive is a 48 year old Japanese man who came to Ethiopia on March 4, 2020 from Burkina Faso. Since then, number of cases is increasing. As of 5th January 2021, Ethiopia has recorded more than 125622 positive cases involving 1948 deaths[4]. Apart from personal health, COVID-19 also affects economy of the countries. According to the estimation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, COVID-19 will shave 2.9 percentage points off of Ethiopia's economic growth for fiscal year 2020 and the pandemic will also affect the Ethiopia’s export significantly[5].

Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will have mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.  Older people and those with underlying medical problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop severe illness. The virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person sneezes or coughs [6-8]. The mortality rate of this infection is about 3–6% but, according to some authors, this percentage may be seriously underestimated[9].

Health care workers (HCWs) are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than the general population due to frequent contact with infected individuals. Additionally, some procedures such as non-invasive ventilation, high-flow nasal cannula and bag-mask ventilation may generate higher aerosol volumes leads to increased risk of infection [10,11]. The longer working hours (due to the increased number of infected people in hospital) also put them at risk of infection[12].

Worldwide, as millions of people stay at home to minimize transmission of COVID-2019, HCWs prepare to do the exact opposite. They will go to clinics and hospitals, putting themselves at high risk from COVID-2019. Number of studies reported various prevalence rate of COVID-2019 among HCWs  9.8% in New york[13] and 10.1% from a systemic review of developed countries[14]. 

Protection of HCWs and prevention of intra-hospital transmission of COVID-2019 are important parts of epidemic response and this requires that HCWs must have updated knowledge regarding source, transmission, symptoms and preventive measures[15]. Literature suggests that lack of knowledge and misunderstandings among HCWs leads to delayed diagnosis, spread of disease and poor infection prevention practice [16,17]. Currently, there is scarce information regarding the knowledge, attitude and practice of HCWs towards COVID-19 in Ethiopia particularly in southern part. Furthermore, previous studies in other study areas found risk factor for poor preventive practice of HCWs [18-20]. The risk factors may not be the same across geographic locations. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the current status of knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 and associated factors among HCWS in the study area.

Materials and Methods

Study area and design

Facility-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19 among HCWs. It was conducted from June 1 to July 2020 in Silte Zone. The Silte Zone is one of the Zones of the Ethiopian Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) and found 172 km away from the capital city, Addis Ababa. This zone consists of 3 administration towns, 10 rural weredas and 212 kebeles. Based on last Census conducted by CSA, in 2018 this Zone has estimated population of 1,017,557. The Zone currently has four hospitals and 33 health centers.

Study Subjects

The source population of this study was all HCWs who were working in health facilities found in the study area.  The study population was selected HCWs who full fill inclusion criteria. All HCWs age 18 years old and above who were working in health facilities and available during the data collection period were included in the study. Health care workers who were seriously sick and who have psychiatry problems were excluded from the study.

Sample size determination and sampling technique

Sample size was calculated using Epi Info Version 7. It was calculated using single population proportion formula based on the following assumptions; 50% prevalence of (insufficient knowledge, negative attitude and poor practice) towards COVID-19,  p value 50% was taken because there was no relevant study conducted anywhere in Ethiopia during the study time, 95% confidence level and margin of error of 5%. Accordingly, the formula yields 384 HCWs as initial sample size. There are a total of 4175 HCWs in the Zone and by applying the finite population correction formula and adding 10% non-response rate, the sample size became 391. Three hundred ninety one HCWs were selected by using proportionately stratified systematic sampling technique from health facilities. HCWs were stratified based on the type of health facilities (health center, primary hospital and comprehensive specialized hospital). There were about 4175 total of health care workers in the zone during the study period of which 2157 were working in the 33 health centers, 1257 were working in the 3 primary hospitals and about 737 were working in a comprehensive specialized hospital. 11 health centers and one primary hospital and one compressive specialized hospital were randomly selected from each stratum. Sample size was allocated to health facilities proportionately based on size. Accordingly, 202, 120 and 69 study participants were allocated to health centers, primary hospitals and comprehensive specialized hospital respectively. Systematic sampling technique was used to select study subjects.

Measurements and data collection tools

The structured questionnaire was prepared after reviewing published literatures [21-25]. The questionnaire contains items on socio-demographic and economic factors, Knowledge related items, attitude related items and practice related items. Knowledge section comprised of 30 items assessed nature of disease, etiology, symptoms, risk group, testing, transmission, treatment and precautions/preventions. Each question was responded as yes, no and I don’t know. The correct answer was marked as 1 while wrong answer was marked as 0. Total score ranges from 0-30 and a cut off level of <17 was set for poor knowledge and ≥18 (60% and above) for good knowledge. Attitude section comprised of 26 items assessing attitude of healthcare workers toward treatment, infection control procedure and information regarding COVID-19. Response of each item was recorded on 5-point Likert scale as follows strongly agree (5-point), agree (4-point), Undecided (3-point), disagree (2-point), and strongly disagree (1-point). Total score ranges from 26 to 130, with score of >78 (>60%) indicates positive attitude toward COVID-19. Practice section included 16 items regarding use of face mask, and practice of other precautionary measures. Each item was responded as yes (1-point) and (0-point). Practice items total score ranged as 0-16, and a score of ≥10 demonstrated good practice and a score of <10 indicates poor practice toward precautionary measures of COVID-19[21-25].

Data Quality Control

Data quality was assured by caring out careful design of the questionnaire, appropriate recruitment of data collectors and by giving adequate training and follow-up for data collectors and supervisors.  The questionnaire was pre-tested on 5% of HCWs from health facilities not included in actual studies and modified before the main study began. The investigators and supervisors did intensive supervision during the whole period of data collection. The data were checked for completeness and consistency and then coded, entered and stored into the computer using Epi-data software. Data was exported to SPSS version 21 statistical packages for analysis.

Data processing and analysis

Data were coded and entered into Epi-data and exported to the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and economic factors, information related and job related factors. Binary logistic regression analysis were applied and expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). All predictor variables that have an association in bivariable analysis with p-value < 0.25 were entered into multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated to dependent variables by controlling the effect of confounders. The model was built by enter method and its fitness was assessed by likely hood ratio test and Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic test. The crude and adjusted odds ratios together with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed and interpreted accordingly.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical clearance was obtained from Werabe University before conducting the study. At the time of data collection, an informed consent was taken from the participants to confirm whether they are willing to participate. Those not willing to participate were given the right to do so. Confidentiality of responses was also ensured throughout the research process.

RESULTS

Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents

A total of 379 HCWs were participated in this study, making response rate of 96.9% (379/391) were included. The mean age of the participants was 33.46 (± 6.43). Two hundred and twenty three (58.80%) of the study participants were males. Majority (87.3%) of the respondents were rural dwellers. One hundred and seventy (44.9%) of the respondents had first degree level of education. One hundred and sixty three participants (43.0%) were married. About half (52.0%) of the participants work at health centers and 38.3% of the participants were nurses. About one third (30.6%) of the respondents get information about COVID-19 mainly from TV and their mean monthly income was 8192.7 (+9284.0)

Knowledge of HCWs

A total of 284 (74.9%)  (95% CI= 70.2%-79.2%) of the HCWs reported adequate knowledge of COVID 19. In multivariate analysis type of health institution, level of education, and training on COVID-19 were strongly associated with knowledge of HCWs about COVID-19. HCWs of comprehensive specialized hospital were about 4.46 times more likely had good knowledge of COVID-19 than health centers (AOR= 4.46, 95% CI=1.46-13.62). HCWS who received training on COVID-19 about 6 times had good knowledge of COVID-19 than health centers than who didn’t receive the training (AOR=6.59, 95% CI=2.97-14.65). Also level of education having BSC degree (AOR=2.84, 95% CI=1.56-5.12) and MSC degree positively associated with level of knowledge

Attitude of HCWs

In this study, 319 (84.2%)  (CI=80.2%-87.6%) of HCWs demonstrated a positive attitude. in multivariate analysis, age of the HCWs, training on COVID-19, Work experience, and Knowledge on COVID-19 showed significant association with their attitude toward COVID-19. Age between 31-40 Years (AOR=2.92, 95% CI=1.44-5.92) and ≥41 Years (AOR=3.35, 95% CI=1.07-10.50) positively associates with positive attitude. In this study, training on COVID-19 demonstrates string association with the attitudes.  HCWS who received training on COVID-19 3.73 times had positive attitude to COVID-19 than who didn’t received the training. Work experience of 6-10 Years (AOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.15-4.22) and > 10 Years (AOR=3.78, 95% CI=1.46-9.80) were positively associated with the attitudes of the HCWs.  Knowledge on COVID-19   also significantly associated with positive attitude (AOR=5.45, 95% CI=2.60-11.43)

Preventive practices of HCWs

About 68.9% (261) (CI=64.1%-73.4%) of the HCWs implemented appropriate practice. In the final model, source of information, type of health institution and knowledge are strongly associated with preventive practice of health care workers. HCW’s source of information from friends/colleagues times more likely had good preventive practice than source of information from electronic information (AOR= 3.13, 95% CI=1.28-7.66). HCWs of Primary hospital less likely had good practice than health centers AOR=0.36 95% CI=0.21-0.620). Good knowledge also shows significant association with good practices of HCWs. HCWs who had good knowledge on COVID-19 about 2 times  more likely implement good preventive practice than who had poor knowledge  AOR=1.80, 95% CI=1.03-3.14).

Discussion

This study was conducted to assess level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 and associated factors among health care workers in health facilities. The outputs of this study are essential to HCWs, health facilities, health management authorities to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 [26]. In this study, 74.9% % of HCWs demonstrated good knowledge on COVID-19.  The result is comparable with other two studies conducted in Ethiopia where 70%[18] and 73.8%[27] of HCWs had sufficient knowledge. Nearly comparable finding is also reported in a study conducted in Uganda where 69% of HCWs had adequate knowledge of COVID-19[19]. However, it is lower than the findings reported 89% in China [20], and 93.2% in Pakistan [28]. On the other hand, the finding is higher than studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and India where 45% [29] and 54.7% of HCWs had good knowledge respectively [30]. This difference might be related to variations in study area. Battling pandemic across countries is not the same leads to deference in knowledge. Another possible reason is that it could be due to differences in the cut-off points used to categorize knowledge. In this survey, Type of health institution, level of education, and training on COVID-19 were strongly associated with knowledge of health care workers about COVID-19.

HCWs of Comprehensive specialized hospital were about 4.46 times more likely had good knowledge of COVID-19 than health centers. This may be explained by HCWs working in comprehensive specialized hospital tend to have higher level of education this may leads to deference in knowledge. HCWS who received training on COVID-19 about 6 times had good knowledge of COVID-19 than who didn’t receive the training. 

Also level of education having BSC degree and MSC degree positively associated with the level of knowledge. Some studies have reported that educational level of HCWs was strongly associated with level of knowledge on COVID-19[27].

Our study also found that 84.2% of HCWs had a positive attitude toward COVID -19. This finding was comparable to a study conducted in Pakistan where 86.5% of HCWs had positive attitude toward COVID-19[29]. However, this finding was found higher than 65.7% positive attitude toward COVID-19 from northern Ethiopia [27], 53.4% from Nepal [31] and 21% from Uganda [19]. The possible reason for the difference might be due to the study setting and period; our study covers both health centers and hospitals whereas the previous was only hospital based. Other reason to the variation might be caused by differences in number of questions used and cut off value used to categorize the attitude. Increased Age of the HCWs was positively associates with positive attitude. This is in line with finding of a study done in Nepal [31]. The higher age, the longer is the experience in dealing with emergencies, ultimately showing confidence and optimism [32]. Therefore, increasing age could be the reason for a positive attitude toward COVID-19. Training on COVID-19 also demonstrated positive association with attitude. HCWS who received training on COVID-19 3.73 times had positive attitude to COVID-19 than who didn’t received the training. Training could increase knowledge leads to reduction of misinformation. Hence, training could be the reason for a positive attitude toward COVID-19. Increased work experience of HCWs significantly associated with the positive attitude toward COVID-19. This was supported by previous studies [20]. Knowledge on COVID-19 showed significant association with their attitude toward COVID-19. This finding is in agreement with previous studies [27]. Knowledge is a prerequisite for establishing beliefs, forming positive attitudes so that knowledge modulates the attitude [32].

In our study, bout 68.9% of the HCWs implemented appropriate practice. This finding was nearly comparable with studies conducted in Pakistan [29] and Uganda [19] where 73.4%, and 74% of HCWs were implemented good practice respectively. However, higher good practice 88.7% in Pakistan [28], and 81.5% in Nepal [31]  were reported. Good preventive practice of the HCWs was significantly associated with source of information of COVID-19. HCW’s source of information from friends/colleagues 3 times more likely had good preventive practice than source of information from electronics. The possible reason for the association might be due to the study setting. Majority of the current study area is rural. Information from electronics (TV/Radio) no easily accessible in rural area may leads to none association with preventive practice of HCWs. HCWs of primary hospital were less likely had good practice than health centers. This is congruent with previous studies[18]. Level of knowledge also shows significant association with good practices of HCWs. HCWs who had good knowledge on COVID-19 about 2 times more likely implement good preventive practice than who had poor knowledge. Similar findings were reported in previous studies [18,28]. Knowledge of a disease may influences practices of individuals [33] .

This study has some limitations that might have minimal impact on the study findings. It is a cross-sectional survey, so we could not assess the changes, causes and effect relationship. Furthermore, there is a possibility of information bias, as surveys were self-administered. Despite these limitations, it is a survey on the KAP includes all public health facilities so that the finding is generalizable to public health facilities of the study area. This survey would probably provide up-to-date information and improve preventive practice of HCWs.

Conclusion

This study found majority of HCWs had good level of knowledge and positive attitude toward COVID-19, but lower proportion of HCWs practices sufficiently in compare to magnitude of good knowledge and positive attitude. Type of health facilities, level of education, training on  COVID, work experience, type of source of information were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude and practice  of HCWs toward COVID-19. So, the stakeholders must focus the training of HCWs for better practice of tackling with COVID-19. Special emphasis is required to HCWs of health centers.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Werabe University for supporting this research work. We wish to express our deep appreciation to all staffs and data collectors for their contribution to the overall success of this study and all respondents for their cooperation, time and genuine response.

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