Published April 19, 2021
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
Description
MacPhee, R.D.E., Del Pino, Santiago Hernández, Kramarz, Alejandro, Forasiepi, Analía M., Bond, Mariano, Sulser, R. Benjamin (2021): Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (449): 1-185, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-449/issue-1/0003-0090.449.1.1/Cranial-Morphology-and-Phylogenetic-Relationships-of-Trigonostylops-wortmani-an-Eocene/10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1.full
Files
source.pdf
Files
(5.3 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:af26776ed0294f0dec6bbf5d2f4f94fe
|
5.3 MB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:AF26776ED0294F0DEC6BBF5D2F4FFFFE
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/AF26776ED0294F0DEC6BBF5D2F4FFFFE
References
- Aboitiz, F., and J. Montiel. 2007. Origin and evolution of the vertebrate telencephalon, with special reference to the mammalian neocortex. Berlin: Springer.
- Allman, J. 1990. Evolution of neocortex. In E.G. Jones and A. Peters (editors), Cerebral cortex: comparative structure and evolution of cerebral cortex, vol. 8a: 269-283. New York: Plenum Press.
- Altafulla, J.J., et al. 2019. Transclival venous circulation: anatomic study. World Neurosurgery 121: e136- e139.
- Ameghino, F. 1901. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias en Cordoba 16: 349-426.
- Anthwal, N., and H. Thompson. 2016. The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear. Journal of Anatomy 228: 217-232.
- Anthony, R. 1920. La poche gutturale du tapir. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Veterinaires de Lyon (December 1920), p. 1-15.
- Antoine, P.-O., et al. 2015. A new Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of northwestern Peru and a phylogeny of xenungulates at species level. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22: 129-140.
- Aplin, K.P. 1990. Basicranial regions of diprotodontian marsupials: anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Biological Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 389 pp.
- Arbib M.A., P. Erdi, and J. Szantagothai. 1998. Neural organization: structure, function and dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Archer, M. 1976.The basicranial region of marsupicarnivores (Marsupialia): interrelationships of carnivorous marsupials and affinities of the insectivorous marsupial peramelids. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society of London 59: 217-322.
- Arnautovic, K.I., O. Al-Mefty, T.G. Pait, A.F. Krisht, and M.M. Husain. 1997. The suboccipital cavernous sinus. Journal of Neurosurgery 86: 252-262.
- Bajpai, S., J.G.M. Thewissen, and A. Sahni. 1996. Indocetus (Cetacea, Mammalia) endocasts from Kachchh (India). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 582-584.
- Balanoff, A.M., G.S. Bever, T.B. Rowe, and M.A. Norell. 2013. Evolutionary origins of the avian brain. Nature 501: 93-96.
- Batson, O.V. 1957. The vertebral vein system. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine 78: 195-212.
- Beck, R.M., and M.S. Lee. 2014. Ancient dates or accelerated rates? Morphological clocks and the antiquity of placental mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B281: 20141278.
- Berlin, J.C., E.C. Kirk, and T.B. Rowe. 2013. Functional implications of ubiquitous semicircular canal nonorthogonality in mammals. PLoS One 8:e79585.
- Bertrand, O.C., F. Amador-Mughal, M.M. Lang, and M.T. Silcox. 2018. Virtual endocasts of fossil Sciuroidea: brain size reduction in the evolution of fossoriality. Palaeontology 61: 919-948.
- Bertrand, O.C., et al. 2020. Virtual endocranial and inner ear endocasts of the Paleocene 'condylarth' Chriacus: new insight into the neurosensory system and evolution of early placental mammals. Journal of Anatomy 236 (1): 21-49.
- Billet, G. 2010. New observations on the skull of Pyrotherium (Pyrotheria, Mammalia) and new phylogenetic hypotheses on South American ungulates. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17: 21-59.
- Billet, G. 2011. Phylogeny of the Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 (4): 481-497.
- Billet, G., and C. de Muizon. 2013. External and internal anatomy of a petrosal from the Late Paleocene of Itaborai, Brazil, referred to Notoungulata (Placentalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33: 455-469.
- Billet, G., C. de Muizon, and B. Patterson. 2009. Craniodental anatomy of late Oligocene archaeohyracids (Notoungulata, Mammalia) from Bolivia and Argentina and new phylogenetic hypotheses. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155: 458-509.
- Billet, G., et al. 2012. High morphological variation of vestibular system accompanies slow and infrequent locomotion in three-toed sloths. Proceedings of the Royal Society B279: 3932-3939.
- Billet, G., et al. 2015. Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173: 956-987.
- Blanke, A., A. Aupperle, J. Seeger, C. Kubrick, and G.F. Schusser. 2014. Histological study of the external, middle and inner ear of horses. Anatomia, Histologia Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. [doi: 10.1111/ahe.12151]
- Boscaini, A., et al. 2020. Digital cranial endocasts of the extinct sloth Glossotherium robustum (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina: description and comparison with the extant sloths. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 27: 55-71.
- Boyer, D.C., et al. 2016. Internal carotid arterial canal size and scaling in Euarchonta: re-assessing implications for arterial patency and phylogenetic relation- ships in early fossil primates. Journal of Human Evolution 97: 123-144.
- Bradley, O.C. 1923. The topographical anatomy of the head and neck of the horse. Edinburgh: Green.
- Breathnach, A.S. 1955. Observations on endocranial casts of recent and fossil cetaceans. Journal of Anatomy 89: 532-546.
- Buckley, M. 2015. Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American "ungulates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B282: 20142671.
- Budras, K.-D., W.O. Sack, and S. Rock. 2008. Anatomy of the horse, 5th ed. Hannover: Schultersche.
- Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87, supplement 62: 1-160.
- Butler, A.B., and W. Hodos. 2005. Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation. John Wiley & Sons.
- Butler, H. 1957. The development of certain human dural venous sinuses. Journal of Anatomy 91: 510-526.
- Butler, H. 1967. The development of mammalian dural venous sinuses with especial reference to the postglenoid vein. Journal of Anatomy 102: 33-56.
- Cabanac, M. 1996. Human selective brain cooling. New York: Springer Verlag.
- Caputa, M. 2004. Selective brain cooling: a multiple regulatory mechanism. Journal of Thermal Biology 29: 691-702.
- Carbajal, E., R. Pascual, R. Pinedo, J. Salfity, and M.G. Vucetich. 1977. Un nuevo mamifero de la Formacion Lumbrera (Grupo Salta) de la comarca de Carahuasi (Salta, Argentina). Edad y correlaciones. Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Mar del Plata 'Galileo Scaglia' 2: 148-163.
- Cartmill, M. 1975. Strepsirhine basicranial structures and the affinities of the Cheirogaleidae. In W.P. Luckett and F.S. Szalay (editors), Phylogeny of the primates, a multidisciplinary approach: 313-354. New York: Plenum.
- Cartmill, M., and R.D.E. MacPhee. 1980. Tupaiid affinities: the evidence of the carotid arteries and cranial skeleton. In W.P. Luckett (editor), Comparative biology and evolutionary relationships of tree shrews: 95-132. New York: Plenum.
- Cave, A.J.E. 1959. The foramen ovale in the Rhinocerotidae. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Zoology, London: 419-421.
- Cerdeno, E., and B. Vera. 2015. A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13: 943-962.
- Chaffee, R.G. 1952. The Deseadan vertebrate fauna of the Scarritt Pocket, Patagonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 98 (6): 509-562.
- Chimento, N., and F.L. Agnolin. 2020. Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals. Scientific Reports 10:13280. [doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5]
- Cifelli, R.L. 1982. The petrosal structure of Hyopsodus with respect to that of some other ungulates, and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Paleontology 56: 795-805.
- Cifelli, R.L. 1983. The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 2772: 1-49.
- Cifelli, R.L. 1985. Biostratigraphy of the Casamayoran, early Eocene of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 2820: 1-26.
- Cifelli, R.L. 1993. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In F.S. Szalay, M.J. Novacek, and M.C. McKenna (editors), Mammal phylogeny, vol. 2, Placentals: 195-216. New York: Springer.
- Cladera, G., E. Ruigomez, E. Ortiz Jaureguizar, M. Bond, and G. Lopez. 2004. Tafonomia de la Gran Hondonada (Formacion Sarmiento, Edad- Mamifero Mustersense, Eoceno Medio) Chubut, Argentina. Ameghiniana 41: 315-330.
- Conroy, G. 1982. A study of the cerebral vascular evolution in primates. In E. Armstrong and D. Falk (editors), Primate brain evolution, methods and concepts: 247-261. New York: Plenum.
- Conroy, G., and J.R. Wible. 1978. Middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus: some implications for primate paleontology. Folia Primatologica 29: 81-85.
- Cooper, L.N., et al. 2014. Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan are stem perissodactyls. PLoS One 9: e109232.
- Cope, E.D. 1880. On foramina perforating the posterior part of the squamosal bone of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 18: 452-461.
- Coutier, F., L. Hautier, R. Cornette, E. Amson, and G. Billet. 2017. Orientation of the lateral semicircular canal in Xenarthra and its links with head posture and phylogeny. Journal of Morphology 278: 704-717.
- Croft, D.A., J.N. Gelfo, and G.M. Lopez. 2020. Splendid innovation: the extinct South American native ungulates. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 48: 259-290.
- Cure, J.K., P. Van Tassel, and M.T. Smith. 1994. Normal and variant anatomy of the dural venous sinuses. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 15: 499-519.
- Daniel, P.M., J. D.K. Dawes, and M.M.L. Prichard. 1953. Studies of the carotid rete and its associated arteries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B237: 173-204.
- Davis, D.D. 1964. The giant panda: a morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms. Fieldiana: Zoology Memoirs 3: 5-339.
- De Beer, G.R. 1929. The development of the skull of the shrew. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B217: 411-480.
- De Beer, G.R. 1937. The development of the vertebrate skull. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Dechaseaux, C. 1958a. Encephales de condylarthres. In J. Piveteau (editor), Traite de paleontologie, vol. 6 (2), Mammiferes: 28-30. Paris: Masson.
- Dechaseaux, C. 1958b. Encephales de proboscidiens fosiles. In J. Piveteau (editor), Traite de paleontologie, vol. 6 (2), Mammiferes: 296-298. Paris: Masson.
- Diamond, M.K. 1991. Homologies of the stapedial artery in humans, with a reconstruction of the primitive stapedial artery configuration of Euprimates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 84: 433-462.
- Diamond, M.K. 1992. Homology and evolution of the orbitotemporal venous sinuses of humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 211-244.
- Doran, A.H.G. 1878. Morphology of the mammalian ossicula auditus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 1: 371-497.
- Du Boulay, G.H. 1991. A note on the cerebral arteries of Perissodactyla: the rete caroticum of Diceros bicornis. Dubious nomenclature of the internal carotid artery of horses. Neuroradiology 33, supplement: 462-463.
- Du Boulay, G.H., and P.M. Verity. 1973. The cranial arteries of mammals. London: Heinemann.
- Du Boulay, G.H., M. Lawton, and A. Wallis. 1998. The story of the internal carotid artery of mammals: from Galen to sudden infant death syndrome. Neuroradiology 40: 697-703.
- Dunn R.E., et al. 2012. A new chronology for middle Eocene-Early Miocene South American Land Mammal Ages. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 125: 539-555.
- Dunn, R.E., C.A.E. Stromberg, R.H. Madden, M.J. Kohn, and A.A. Carlini. 2015. Linked canopy, climate, and faunal change in the Cenozoic of Patagonia. Science 347: 258-261.
- Edinger, T. 1929. Die fossilen Gehirne. Zeitschrift fur gesamte Anatomie, Abteilung III 28: 1-249.
- Edinger, T. 1964. Midbrain exposure and overlap in mammals. American Zoologist 4: 5-19.
- Ekdale, E.G. 2013. Comparative anatomy of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) of placental mammals. PLoS One 8: e66624.
- Ekdale, E.G. 2015. Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. Journal of Anatomy. [doi: 10.1111/ joa.12308]
- Ekdale, E.G., J.D. Archibald, and A.O. Averianov. 2004. Petrosal bones of placental mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49: 161-176.
- Ellenberger, W., and H. Baum. 1894. Topographische Anatomie des Pferdes, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der tierarztlichen Praxis, vol. 2, Kopf und Hals. Berlin: Paul Parey.
- Ellenberger, W., and H. Baum. 1908. Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere, 12th ed. Berlin: Hirschwald.
- Epstein, H.M., H.W. Linde, A.R. Crampton, I.S. Ciric, and J.E. Eckenhoff. 1970. The vertebral venous plexus as a major cerebral venous outflow tract. Anesthesiology 32: 332-337.
- Evans, H.E., and G.C. Christensen. 1979. Anatomy of the dog, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Evans, H.E., and A. de Lahunta. 2013. Anatomy of the dog, 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
- Evans, H.M. 1912. III. The development of the vascular system. In F. Keibel and F.P. Mall (editors), Manual of human embryology, vol. 2: 570-709. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
- Fawcett, E. 1921. The primordial cranium of Tatusia novemcinctus as determined by sections and models of the embryos of 12 millimetre and 17 millimetre C.R. length. Journal of Anatomy 55: 187-218.
- Fernandez-Monescillo, M., et al. 2019. Virtual endocast morphology of Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria): New insights and implications on notoungulate encephalization and brain evolution. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 85-100.
- Ferreira-Cardoso, S., et al. 2017. Floccular fossa size is not a reliable proxy of ecology and behaviour in vertebrates. Scientific Reports 7: 1-11.
- Filippo A., D. Kalthoff, G. Billet, H. Gomes Rodrigues. 2020. Evolutionary and functional implications of incisor enamel microstructure diversity in Notoungulata (Euungulata, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 27: 211-236.
- Fischer, M.S., and P. Tassy. 1993.The interrelation between Proboscidea, Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Mesaxonia: The morphological evidence. In F.S. Szalay, M.J. Novacek, and M.C. McKenna (editors), Mammal phylogeny, vol. 2, Placentals: 217-234. New York: Springer.
- Fleischer, G. 1973. Studien am Skelett des Gehororgans der Saugetiere, einschliesslich des Menschen. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 21: 131-239.
- Forasiepi, A.M., et al. 2015. New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 89: 611-634.
- Forasiepi, A.M., et al. 2016. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics, and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404: 1-76.
- Forasiepi, A.M., R.D.E. MacPhee, and S. Hernandez Del Pino. 2019. Caudal cranium of Thylacosmilus atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a South American predaceous sabertooth. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 433: 1-64.
- Frappier, B.L. 2006. Digestive system. In J.A. Eurell and B.L. Frappier (editors), Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology, 6th ed.: 170-211. Ames, IA: Blackwell.
- Fukuta, K., et al. 2007. Absence of carotid rete mirabile in small tropical ruminants: implications for the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls. Journal of Anatomy 210: 112-116.
- Gabbert, S.L. 2004. The basicranial and posterior cranial anatomy of the families of Toxodontia. In G.C. Gould and S.K. Bell (editors), Tributes to Malcolm C. McKenna: his students, his legacy (ch. 14). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 285: 177-190.
- Gaillard, C, R.D.E. MacPhee, and A.M. Forasiepi. In press. The stapes of stem and extinct Marsupialia: implications for the ancestral condition. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
- Gannon, P.J., A.R. Eden, and J.T. Laitman. 1988. The subarcuate fossa and cerebellum of extant primates: comparative study of a skull-brain interface. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77: 143-164.
- Garcia-Lopez, D.A. 2011. Basicranial osteology of Colbertia lumbrerense Bond, 1981 (Mammalia, Notoungulata). Ameghiniana 48: 3-12.
- Garcia-Lopez, D.A., J. Babot, R. Gonzalez, and A. Scanferla. 2017. Cranial anatomy of an Eocene notoungulate mammal from northwestern Argentina with special reference on the ear region. Historical Biology. [doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1326112]
- Gardner, E., D., J. Gray, and R. O'Rahilly. 1969. Anatomy: a regional study of human structure, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Gaudin, T.J., J.R. Wible, J.A. Hopson, and W.D. Turnbull. 1996. Reexamination of the morphological evidence for the Cohort Epitheria (Mammalia, Eutheria). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3: 31-79.
- Gaudry, A. 1904. Fossiles de Patagonie: dentition de quelques mammiferes. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, Paleontologie 12, Memoire 31: 1-27.
- Gaupp E. 1908. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte und vergleichenden Morphologie des Schadels von Echidna aculeata var. typica. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 6: 539-788.
- Gazin, L.C. 1965. A study of the Early Tertiary condylarthran mammal Meniscotherium. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 149 (2): 1-98.
- Gazin, L.C. 1968. A study of the Eocene condylarthran mammal Hyopsodus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 153 (4): 1-90.
- Geisler, J.H., and Z. Luo. 1998. Relationships of Cetacea to terrestrial ungulates and the evolution of cranial vasculature in Cete. In J.G.M. Thewissen (editor), The emergence of whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of Cetacea: 163-212. New York: Springer.
- Getty, R. (editor). 1975. The anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Ghosal, N.G. 1975. Equine heart and arteries. In R. Getty (editor), The anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed., vol. 1: 554-618. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Goloboff, P., J. Farris, and K. Nixon. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
- Gregory, W.K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27: 3-524.
- Grubb, P. 2005. Order Perissodactyla. In D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder (editors), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference: 629- 636. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
- Habel, S. 1975. Ruminant digestive system. In R. Getty (editor), The anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed., vol. 1: 861-915. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Hall, B.K. 2015. Bones and cartilage. New York: Academic.
- Hare, W.C.D. 1975. General respiratory system. In R. Getty (editor), The anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed., vol. 1: 113-144. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Harper, T, and G.W. Rougier. 2019. Petrosal morphology and cochlear function in Mesozoic stem therians. PLoS One 14 (8): e0209457.
- Hernandez Del Pino, S. 2018. Anatomia y sistematica de los Toxodontidae (Notoungulata) de la Formacion Santa Cruz, Mioceno temprano, Argentina. Ph.D. dissertation, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. 415 pp.
- Hershkovitz, I., et al. 1999. The elusive diploic veins: anthropological and anatomical perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108: 345-358.
- Hillman, D.J. 1975. Skull. In R. Getty (editor), The anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed., vol. 1: 318- 348. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Hopson J.A. 1979. Paleoneurology. In C. Gans, R.G. Northcutt, and P. Ulinski (editors), Biology of the Reptilia: 39-146. New York: Academic Press.
- Horovitz, I. 2004. Eutherian mammal systematics and the origins of South American ungulates as based on postcranial osteology. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 36: 63-79.
- Hyrtl, J. 1854. Beitrage zur vergleichenden Angiologie. V. Das arterielle Gefass-system der Edentata. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 6: 21-65.
- International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. 2017. Nomina anatomica veterinaria, 6th ed. Online resource (http://www. wava-amav.org/wava-documents.html).
- Janis, C.M., and J.M. Theodor. 2014. Cranial and postcranial morphological data in ruminant phylogenetics. Zitteliana B32: 15-31.
- Jerison, H.J. 1973. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. New York: Academic Press.
- Jerison H.J. 1985. Animal intelligence as encephalization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B308: 21-35.
- Jessen, C., et al. 1994. Blood and brain temperatures in free-ranging black wildebeest in their natural environment. American Journal of Physiology 267: R1528-R1536.
- Johnson, S.C., and R.H. Madden. 1997. Uruguaytheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America. In R.F. Kay, R.H. Madden, R.L. Cifelli, and J.J. Flynn (editors), Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Columbia: 355-381. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Kampen, P.N. van. 1905. Die Tympanalgegend des Saugetierschadels. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 34: 321-722.
- Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1981. Evolution of the therian mammals in the latest Cretaceous of Asia. Part IV. Skull structures in Kennalestes and Asioryctes. Palaeontologia Polonica 42: 25-78.
- Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1986. Brain evolution in Mesozoic mammals. Rocky Mountain Geology 24, special paper 3: 21-34.
- Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., R. Presley, and C. Poplin. 1986. The cranial vascular system in taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the the Royal Society of London 1164: 525-602.
- Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., R.L. Cifelli, and Z. Luo. 2004. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs. New York: Columbia University.
- Klaauw, C.J. van der. 1922. Uber die Entwickelung des Entotympanicums. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging 18: 135-174.
- Klaauw, C.J. van der. 1931. The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals, with a general introduction to this region of the skull. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 62 (1): 1-352.
- Koenigswald, W. von. 2011. Diversity of hypsodont teeth in mammalian dentitions-construction and classification. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 294: 63-94.
- Koenigswald, W. von, T. Martin, and G. Billet. 2014. Enamel microstructure and mastication in Pyrotherium romeroi (Pyrotheria, Mammalia). Palaontologische Zeitschrift. [doi: 10.1007/s12542-014-0241-5]
- Koyabu, D., W. Maier, and M. Sanchez-Villagra. 2012. Paleontological and developmental evidence resolve the homology and dual embryonic origin of a mammalian skull bone, the interparietal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 14075-14080.
- Kramarz, A.G., and M. Bond. 2009. A new Oligocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from Patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 117-128.
- Kramarz, A.G., M. Bond, and A. Forasiepi. 2010. New remains of Astraponotus (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and considerations on the astrapothere cranial evolution. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 85: 85-200.