Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published August 17, 2012 | Version v1
Journal article Open

A Review Of Dromaeosaurid Systematics And Paravian Phylogeny

Creators

Description

Turner, Alan H., Makovicky, Peter J., Norell, Mark A. (2012): A Review Of Dromaeosaurid Systematics And Paravian Phylogeny. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012 (371): 1-206, DOI: 10.1206/748.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/748.1

Files

source.pdf

Files (55.5 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:3fce6d17b736e8f361a4c1adef1c2904
55.5 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFCE6D17B736FFF3FFA4FFADEF1C2904

Cites
Publication: 10.3133/of2007-1047 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s00114-007-0258-7] (DOI)
Publication: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0884] (DOI)
Publication: 10.1080/03115518.2011.590401] (DOI)
Publication: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024487] (DOI)
Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399590 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399592 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399594 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399596 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399598 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399600 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399602 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399604 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399606 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399608 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399610 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399612 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399614 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399616 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399618 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399620 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399622 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399624 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399626 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399628 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399630 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399632 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399634 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399636 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399638 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399640 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399642 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399644 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399646 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399648 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399650 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399652 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399654 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399656 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399658 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399660 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399662 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399664 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399666 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399668 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399670 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399672 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399674 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399676 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399678 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399680 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399682 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399684 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399686 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399688 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399690 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399692 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399694 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399696 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399698 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399700 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399702 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399704 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399706 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399708 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399710 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399712 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399714 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399716 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399718 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399720 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399722 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399724 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399726 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399728 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399730 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399732 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5399734 (DOI)

References

  • Allain, R., and P. Taquet. 2000. A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 404-407.
  • Alvarenga, H.M.F., and J.F. Bonaparte. 1992. A new flightless land bird from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. In K.E. Campbell (editor), Papers in avian paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 36: 51-64.
  • Andres, B., and M.A. Norell. 2005. The first record of a pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous strata of Oosh (Omnogov: Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3472: 1-6.
  • Andrews, R.C. 1932. The new conquest of central Asia. Natural History of Central Asia, vol. 1. New York: American Museum of Natural History. 691 pp.
  • Baier, D.B., S.M. Gatesy, and F.A. Jenkins, Jr. 2007. A critical ligamentous mechanism in the evolution of avian flight. Nature 445: 307- 310.
  • Balanoff, A.M. 2011. Oviraptorosauria: morphology, phylogeny, and endocranial evolution. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 522 pp.
  • Balanoff, A.M., M.A. Norell, G. Grellet-Tinner, and M.R. Lewin. 2008. Digital preparation of a probable neoceratopsian preserved within an egg, with comments on microstructural anatomy of ornithischian eggshells. Naturwissenschaften 95: 493-500.
  • Barsbold, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 30: 5-22.
  • Barsbold, R. 1976. [On a new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae fam. n.) of Mongolia]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 226: 685-688. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1977. [On the evolution of carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 4: 48-56. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1981. [Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko- Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 15: 28-39. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1983a. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 19: 1-119. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1983b. [On some avian features in the morphology of carnosaurs]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 24: 96-103. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1986. Raubdinosaurier Oviraptoren. In E.I. Vorobyeva (editor), Herpetologische Untersuchungen in der mongolischen Volksrepublik: 210-223. Akademia Nauk SSSR Institut Evolyucionnoy Morfologii i Ekologii Zhivotnikhim. Moskva: A.M. Severtsova. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R. 1988. A new Late Cretaceous ornithomimid from the Mongolian People's Republic. Paleontological Journal 1: 124-127.
  • Barsbold, R., and H. Osmolska. 1999. The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44: 189-219.
  • Barsbold, R., H. Osmolska, and S.M. Kurzanov. 1987. On a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32: 121-132.
  • Barsbold, R., and A. Perle. 1984. [On first new find of a primitive ornithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of the MPR]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2: 121-123.
  • Baumel, J.J., and L.M. Witmer. 1993. Osteologia. In J.J. Baumel, A.S. King, J.E. Breazile, H.E. Evans, and J.C. Vanden Berge (editors), Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium. 2nd ed. Publications of the Nuttal Ornithological Club 23: 45-132.
  • Benton, M.J. 2000. Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: is Linnaeus dead? Biological Reviews 75: 633-648.
  • Bever, G.S., and M.A. Norell. 2009. The perinate skull of Byronosaurus (Troodontidae) with observations on the cranial ontogeny of paravian theropods. American Museum Novitates 3657: 1-51.
  • Bidar, A., L. Demay, and G. Thomel. 1972. Compsognathus corallestris, nouvelle espece de dinosaurien theropode du Portlandien de Can- juers. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nice 1: 3-34.
  • Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Los vertabrados fosiles de la Formacion Rio Colorado, de la Cuidad de Neuquen y cercanias, Cretacico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ''Bernardino Rivadavia'' Paleontologia 4: 1-123.
  • Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
  • Bremer, K. 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295-304.
  • Brinkman, D.L., R.L. Ciffelli, and N.J. Czaplewski. 1998. First occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian- Albian) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 146: 1-27.
  • Britt, B.B., et al. 2001. New osteological data and the affinities of Utahraptor from the Cedar Mountain Fm. (Early Cretaceous) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (suppl. 3): 36A.
  • Brochu, C.A. 1992. Ontogeny of the postcranium in crocodylomorph archosaurs. M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
  • Brochu, C.A. 1996. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodylian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 49-62.
  • Brochu, C.A. 1999. Phylogeny, systematics, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. In T. Rowe, C.A. Brochu, and K. Kishi (editors), Cranial morphology of Alligator mississippiensis and phylogeny of Alligatoroidea: 9-100. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6, Chicago.
  • Brochu, C.A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographical analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1-138.
  • Brochu, C.A., and C.D. Sumrall. 2001. Phylogenetic nomenclature and paleontology. Journal of Paleontology 75: 754-757.
  • Brusatte, S.L., et al. 2010. Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms. Science 329: 1481-1485.
  • Buffetaut, E., and J. Le Loeuff. 1998. A new giant ground bird from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 155: 1-4.
  • Burnham, D.A. 2004. New information on Bambiraptor feinbergi (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Cretaceous of Montana. In P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, and J.L. Wright (editors), Feathered dinosaurs: 67-111. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Burnham, D.A., K.L. Derstler, and C.J. Linster. 1997. A new specimen of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In D.L. Wolberg, E. Stump, and G.D. Rosenberg (editors), Dinofest international: proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Arizona State University: 73-75. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences.
  • Burnham, D.A., et al. 2000. Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Paper 13: 1-14.
  • Calvo, J.O., J.D. Porfiri, and A.W.A. Kellner. 2004. On a new maniraptoran dinosaur (Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 62: 549-566.
  • Carpenter, K., C. Miles, and K. Cloward. 2005. New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming. In K. Carpenter (editor), The carnivorous dinosaurs: 23-48. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Carrano, M.T. 2006. Body-size evolution in the Dinosauria. In M.T. Carrano, T.J. Gaudin, R.W. Blob, and J.R. Wible (editors), Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles: 225-268. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Carrano, M.T., and S.D. Sampson. 2008. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 183-236.
  • Carrano, M.T., S.D. Sampson, and C.A. Forster. 2002. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 510-534.
  • Case, J.A., J.E. Martin, and M. Reguero. 2007. A dromaeosaur from the Maastrichtian of James Ross Island and the Late Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaur fauna. In A.K. Cooper, et al. (editor). Antarctica: a keystone in a changing world- online proceedings of the 10th ISAES X. USGS Open-File Report 2007-1047, Short Research Paper 083, 4 pp. [doi: 10.3133/of2007-1047. srp083]
  • Chiappe, L.M. 1991. Cretaceous avian remains from Patagonia shed new light on the early radiation of birds. Alcheringa 15: 333-338.
  • Chiappe, L.M. 1995. The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature 378: 349-355.
  • Chiappe, L.M. 1996. Late Cretaceous birds of southern South America: anatomy and systematics of Enantiornithes and Patagopteryx deferrariisi. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (A) 30: 203-244.
  • Chiappe, L.M. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among basal birds. In J. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom: 125-139. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Chiappe, L.M. 2002. Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 448-472. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Chiappe, L.M. 2004. Osteology of the flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 281-316. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Chiappe, L.M., and J.O. Calvo. 1994. Neuquenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes: Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 230-246.
  • Chiappe, L.M., and G.J. Dyke. 2006. The early evolutionary history of birds. Journal of the Paleontological Society (Korea) 22: 133-151.
  • Chiappe, L.M., and C. Walker. 2002. Skeletal morphology and systematics of Cretaceous Enantiornithes. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 240-267. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Chiappe, L.M., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39: 557-582.
  • Chiappe, L.M., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1998. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature 392: 275-278.
  • Chiappe, L.M., S. Ji, Q. Ji, and M.A. Norell. 1999. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 242: 1-89.
  • Chiappe, L.M., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 2001. A new skull of Gobipteryx minuta (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. American Museum Novitates 3346: 1-15.
  • Chiappe, L.M., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarez- sauridae: Mononykus and its kin. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 87-120. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Chinsamy, A., L.M. Chiappe, and P. Dodson. 1995. The bone microstructure of Patagopteryx and Enantiornithines. Paleobiology 21: 561-574.
  • Choiniere, J.N., et al. 2010. A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science 327: 571-574.
  • Christiansen, P., and R.A. Farina. 2004. Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs. Historical Biology 16: 85-92.
  • Chure, D.J. 2001. The wrist of Allosaurus (Saurischia: Theropoda), with observations on the carpus in theropods. In J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom: 283-300. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Chure, D.J., and J.H. Madsen. 1996. On the presence of furculae in some non-maniraptoran theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 573-577.
  • Clark, J.M. 1986. Phylogenetic relationships of the crocodylomorph archosaurs. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 556 pp.
  • Clark, J.M., A. Perle, and M.A. Norell. 1994. The skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous ''Segnosaur'' (Theropoda: Therizinosauridae) from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3115: 1-39.
  • Clark, J.M., M.A. Norell, and L.M. Chiappe. 1999. An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-like brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. American Museum Novitates 3265: 1-36.
  • Clark, J.M., M.A. Norell, and R. Barsbold. 2001. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 209-213.
  • Clark, J.M., M.A. Norell, and T. Rowe. 2002. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 3364: 1-24.
  • Clark, J.M., T. Maryanska, and R. Barsbold. 2004. Therizinosauroidea. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 151-164. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Clarke, J.A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1-179.
  • Clarke, J.A., and L.M. Chiappe. 2001. A new carinate bird from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). American Museum Novitates 3323: 1-23.
  • Clarke, J.A., and M.A. Norell. 2002. The morphology and phylogenetic position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3387: 1-46.
  • Clarke, J.A., Z. Zhou, and F. Zhang. 2006. Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy 208: 287-308.
  • Coddington, J.A., and N. Scharff. 1994. Problems with zero-length branches. Cladistics 10: 415-423.
  • Colbert, E.H., and D.A. Russell. 1969. The small Cretaceous dinosaur Dromaeosaurus. American Museum Novitates 2380: 1-49.
  • Conrad, J.L., and M.A. Norell. 2006. Highresolution X-ray computed tomography of an Early Cretaceous gekkonomorph (Squamata) from Oosh (Ovorkhangai; Mongolia). Historical Biology 18: 405-431.
  • Corfe, I.J., and R.J. Butler. 2006. Comment on ''A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features.'' Science 313: 1238b.
  • Cracraft, J. 1986. The origin and early diversification of birds. Paleobiology 12: 383-399.
  • Csiki, Z., M. Vremir, S.L. Brusatte, and M.A. Norell. 2010. An aberrant island-dwelling theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 15357-15361.
  • Currie, P.J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearings on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 1643-1658.
  • Currie, P.J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 72-81.
  • Currie, P.J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 576-591.
  • Currie, P.J. 2000. Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In M.J. Benton, M.A. Shishkin, D.M. Unwin, and E.N. Kurochkin (editors), The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia: 434-455. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Currie, P.J. 2003. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191-226.
  • Currie, P.J. 2005. Theropoda, including birds. In P.J. Currie and E.B. Koppelhus (editors), Dinosaur Provincial Park: 367-397. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Currie, P.J., and P.-J. Chen. 2001. Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1705-1727.
  • Currie, P.J., and Z. Dong. 2001. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1753-1766.
  • Currie, P.J. and K. Padian (editors). 1977. The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 869 pp.
  • Currie, P.J., and J.-H. Peng. 1993. A juvenile specimen of Saurornithoides mongoliensis from the Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Northern China. In P.J. Currie, Z. Dong, and D.A. Russell (editors), Results from the Sino- Canadian Dinosaur Project. Part 1. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2224-2230.
  • Currie, P.J., and D.A. Russell. 1988. Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25: 972-986.
  • Currie, P.J., and D.J. Varricchio. 2004. A new dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. In P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, and J.L. Wright (editors), Feathered dinosaurs: 112-132. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Currie, P.J., and X. Zhao. 1993. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2037-2081.
  • Currie, P.J., J.K. Rigby, and R.E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In P.J. Currie and K. Carpenter (editors), Dinosaur systematics: approaches and perspectives: 107-125. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Currie, P.J., J.H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227-234.
  • de Beers, G. 1954. Archaeopteryx lithographica: a study based upon the British Museum specimen. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 67 pp.
  • de Queiroz, K., and J. Gauthier. 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Systematic Zoology 39: 307-322.
  • de Queiroz, K., and J. Gauthier. 1992. Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 449-480.
  • de Queiroz, K., and J.A. Gauthier. 1994. Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 27-31.
  • Dyke, G.J. 2002. Should paleontologists use ''phylogenetic'' nomenclature? Journal of Paleontology 76: 793-796.
  • Eberth, D.A. 1997. Judith River Wedge. In P.J. Currie and K. Padian (editors), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs: 379-385. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In P.J. Currie and E.B. Koppelhus (editors), Dinosaur Provincial Park: 367-397. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Eberth, D.A., B.B. Britt, R.D. Scheetz, K.L. Stadtman, and D.B. Brinkman. 2006. Dalton Wells: geology and significance of debris-flowhosted dinosaur bonebeds in the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah, USA. Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 236: 217-245.
  • Elzanowski, A. 1976. Palaeognathous bird from the Cretaceous of Central Asia. Nature 264: 51-53.
  • Elzanowski, A. 2002. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany). In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 129-159. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Elzanowski, A., and P. Wellnhofer. 1996. The cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 81-94.
  • Erickson, G.M., K. Curry Rogers, and S.A. Yerby. 2001. Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature 412: 429-433.
  • Erickson, G.M., P.J. Makovicky, P.J. Currie, M.A. Norell, S.A. Yerby, and C.A. Brochu. 2004. Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Nature 430: 772-775.
  • Farlow, J.O., D.L. Brinkman, W.L. Abler, and P.J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161-198.
  • Farris, J.S., V.A. Albert, M. Kallersjo, D. Lipscomb, and A.G. Kluge. 1996. Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 12: 99-124.
  • Feduccia, A. 1999. The origin and evolution of birds. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 466 pp.
  • Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenetics: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
  • Felsenstein, J. 2004. Inferring phylogenies. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 664 pp.
  • Fiorillo, A.R. 2008. On the occurrence of exceptionally large teeth of Troodon (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Alaska. Palaios 23: 322-328.
  • Fiorillo, A.R., and R.A. Gangloff. 2000. Theropod teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of northern Alaska, with speculations on arctic dinosaur paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 675-682.
  • Forster, C.A., L.M. Chiappe, D.W. Krause, and S.D. Sampson. 1996. The first Cretaceous bird from Madagascar. Nature 382: 532-534.
  • Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 279: 1915-1919.
  • Forster, C.A., L.M. Chiappe, D.W. Krause, and S.D. Sampson. 2002. Vorona berivotrensis, a primitive bird from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 268-280. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gao, C.L., and J.Y. Liu. 2005. A new avian taxn from Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning. Global Geology 24: 313-316.
  • Gatesy, S.M. 1991. Hind limb scaling in birds and other theropods: implications for terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Morphology 209: 83-96.
  • Gatesy, S.M., and K.M. Middleton. 1997. Bipedalism, flight, and the evolution of theropod locomotor diversity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 308-329.
  • Gauthier, J.A. 1984. A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 565 pp.
  • Gauthier, J.A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8: 1-55.
  • Gauthier, J.A., and K. de Queiroz. 2001. Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name ''Aves.'' In J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom: 7-41. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Gauthier, J.A., and K. Padian. 1985. Phylogenetic, functional and aerodynamic analysis of the origin of birds. Eichstatt, West Germany: Freunde des Jura Museum, pp 185-198.
  • Gianechini, F.A., F.L. Angolin, and M.D. Ezcurra. 2011. A reassessment of the purported venom delivery system of the bird-raptor Sinornitho- saurus. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 85: 103- 107.
  • Gilmore, C.W. 1924. On Troodon validus, an ornithopodous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Bulletin, Department of Geology, University of Alberta 1: 1-143.
  • Gilmore, C.W. 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 67 (2): 23-78.
  • Gishlick, A.D., and J.A. Gauthier. 2007. On the manual morphology of Compsognathus longipes and its bearing on the diagnosis of Compsognathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 569-581.
  • Gmelin, J.F. 1789. Linnei Systema naturae. 13th ed. Leipzig: Beer, 1108 pp.
  • Godefroit, P., P.J. Currie, H. Li, C.Y. Shang, and Z.M. Dong. 2008. A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Northern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 432-438.
  • Gohlich, U.B., and L.M. Chiappe. 2006. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago. Nature 440: 329-332.
  • Goloboff, P.A. 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9: 83-91.
  • Goloboff, P.A., and J.S. Farris. 2001. Methods for quick consensus estimation. Cladistics 17: S26-S34.
  • Goloboff, P.A., J.S. Farris, M. Kallersjo, B. Oxelman, M.J. Ramirez, and C.A. Szumik. 2003. Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics 19: 324-332.
  • Goloboff, P.A., C.I. Mattoni, and A.S. Quinteros. 2006. Continuous characters analyzed as such. Cladistics 22: 589-601.
  • Goloboff, P.A., J.S. Farris, and K.C. Nixon. 2008a. TNT: tree analysis using new technology, vers. 1.1 (Willi Hennig Society ed.). Program and documentation available online (http:// www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/tnt).
  • Goloboff, P.A., J.S. Farris, and K.C. Nixon. 2008b. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
  • Gong, E., L.D. Martin, D.A. Burnham, and A.R. Falk. 2010. The birdlike raptor Sinornithosaurus was venomous. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 766-768.
  • Gray, S.J. 1968. Animal locomotion. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Harris, J.D. 1998. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Muse- um of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13: 1-75.
  • Hartman, S. 2006. Archaeopteryx reconstruction. Available online (http://www. skeletaldrawing. com/).
  • Hartman, S., D. Lovelace, and W. Wahl. 2005. Phylogenetic assessment of a maniraptoran from the Morrison Formation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (suppl. 3): 67A- 68A.
  • He, H.Y., et al. 2006. 40Ar/39Ar dating of Lujiatun Bed (Jehol Group) in Liaoning, northeastern China. Geophysical Research Letters 33: 1-4.
  • Hillis, D.M., J.J. Bull, M.E. White, M.R. Badgett, and I.J. Molineux. 1992. Experimental phylogenetics: generation of a known phylogeny. Science 255: 589-592.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 65: 1100-1117.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr. 1995. A new phylogeny of the Theropoda. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (suppl. 3): 35A.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15: 5-61.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr. 2001. Arctometatarsalia revisited: the problem of homoplasy in reconstructing theropod phylogeny. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, pp 99-121.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr, R.E. Molnar, and P.J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 71-110. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr, and H. Osmolska. 2004. Saurischia. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 21-24. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Hou, L.-H. 1996. The discovery of a Jurassic carinate bird in China. Chinese Science Bulletin 41: 1861-1864.
  • Hou, L.-H. 1997. Mesozoic birds of China. Taiwan Provincial Feng Huang Ku Bird Park, Nan Tou, Taiwan, 228 pp.
  • Hou, L.-H., Z. Zhou, Y. Gu, and H. Zhang. 1995a. Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chinese Science Bulletin 40: 1545-1551.
  • Hou, L.-H., Z. Zhou, L.D. Martin, and A. Feduccia. 1995b. A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature 377: 616-618.
  • Houde, P.W. 1988. Paleognathous birds from the Early Tertiary of the northern hemisphere. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 20: 148.
  • Hu, D., L. Hou, L. Zhang, and X. Xu. 2009. A pre- Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature 461: 640-643.
  • Hutchinson, J.R. 2001a. The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 123-168.
  • Hutchinson, J.R. 2001b. The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 169-197.
  • Hutt, S., D. Naish, D.M. Martill, M.J. Barker, and P. Newbery. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22: 227-242.
  • Huxley, T.H. 1868. On the animals which are most nearly intermediate between birds and the reptiles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 2: 66-75.
  • Hwang, S.H., M.A. Norell, Q. Ji, and K.-Q. Gao. 2002. New specimens of Microraptor zhaoianus (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from northeastern China. American Museum Novitates 3381: 1-44.
  • Hwang, S.H., M.A. Norell, and Q. Ji. 2004a. A new troodontid from the Lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (suppl. 3): 73A.
  • Hwang, S.H., M.A. Norell, Q. Ji, and K.-Q. Gao. 2004b. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 13-30.
  • Jasinoski, S.C., A.P. Russell, and P.J. Currie. 2006. An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 301-344.
  • Jefferies, R.P.S. 1979. The origin of chordates: a methodological essay. In M.R. House (editor), The origin of major invertebrate groups. Systematics Association Special Volume 12: 443-447. London: Academic Press.
  • Jenkins, Jr, F.A. 1993. The evolution of the avian shoulder joint. American Journal of Science 293: 253-267.
  • Jerzykiewicz, T., and D.A. Russell. 1991. Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin. Cretaceous Research 12: 345- 377.
  • Jerzykiewicz, T., et al. 1993. Djadokhta Formation correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2180-2195.
  • Ji, Q., and S. Ji. 1996. On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds. Chinese Geology 10: 30-33.
  • Ji, Q., P.J. Currie, M.A. Norell, and S.A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393: 753-761.
  • Ji, Q., M.A. Norell, K.Q. Gao, S.A. Ji, and D. Ren. 2001. The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur. Nature 410: 1084-1088.
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2002a. Discovery of an Avialae bird from China, Shenzhouraptor sinensis gen. et. sp. nov. Geological Bulletin of China 21: 363-369.
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2002b. A new avialan bird-Jixiangornis orientalis gen. et sp. nov.-from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, NE China. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) 38: 723-736. [in Chinese, English abstract]
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2003a. An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny. American Museum Novitates 3420: 1-19.
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2003b. An Early Cretaceous avialian bird, Shenzhouraptor sinensis from western Liaoning, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 77: 21-26.
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2004. Mesozoic Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 375 pp.
  • Ji, Q., et al. 2005. First avialian bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen et. sp. nov.). Geological Bulletin of China 24: 197-210.
  • Kirkland, J.I. 2005. Utah's newly recognized dinosaur record from the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation. Survey Notes (Utah Geological and Mineral Survey) 37: 1-5.
  • Kirkland, J.I., D. Burge, and R. Gaston. 1993. A large dromaeosaur (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah. Hunteria 2: 1-16.
  • Kirkland, J.I., L.E. Zanno, S.D. Sampson, J.M. Clark, and D.D. DeBlieux. 2005. A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature 435: 84-87.
  • Kobayashi, Y., and R. Barsbold. 2005. Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1501-1521.
  • Kubota, K., and R. Barsbold. 2006. Reexamination of Adasaurus mongoliensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (suppl. to 3): 88A.
  • Kubota, K., and R. Barsbold. 2007. New dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (suppl. to 3): 102A.
  • Kundrat, M., and J. Janacek. 2007. Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Naturwissenschaften [doi: 10.1007/s00114-007-0258-7]
  • Kurzanov, S.M. 1981. [On the unusual theropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 15: 39-50. [in Russian]
  • Lambe, L.M. 1914a. On Gryptosaurus notabilis, a new genus and species of trachodont from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Chasmosaurus belli. Ottawa Naturalist 27: 145-155.
  • Lambe, L.M. 1914b. On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon. Ottawa Naturalist 28: 13-20.
  • Lambe, L.M. 1917. The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Canadian Geological Survey Memoir 100: 1-84.
  • Lee, M.S.Y., and T.H. Worthy. 2011. Likelihood reinstates Archaeopteryx as a primitive bird. Biology Letters. [doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0884]
  • Leidy, J. 1856. Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. R.V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 72-73.
  • Le Loeuff, J., and E. Buffetaut. 1998. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Oryctos 1: 105-112.
  • Li, J.-L., Y. Wang, Y.-Q. Wang, and C.-K. Li. 2001. A new family of primitive mammal from the Mesozoic of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 46: 782-785.
  • Li, D., M.A. Norell, K.Q. Gao, N.D. Smith, and P.J. Makovicky. 2010. A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 183-190.
  • Li, Q., et al. 2010. Plumage color pattern of an extinct dinosaur. Science 327: 1369-1372.
  • Li, Q., et al. 2012. Reconstruction of Microraptor and the evolution of iridescent plumage. Science 335: 1215-1219.
  • Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed., tomus 1. Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii.
  • Lipkin, C., P.C. Sereno, and J.R. Horner. 2007. The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae). Journal of Paleontology 81: 1523-1527.
  • Liu, J., S. Ji, F. Tang, and C. Gao. 2004. A new species of dromaeosaurids from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning. Geological Bulletin of China 23: 778-783.
  • Lo, C.-H., P.-J. Chen, T.-Y. Tsou, S.-S. Sun, and C.-Y. Lee. 1999. 40Ar/39Ar laser single-grain and K-Ar dating of the Yixian Formation, NE China. Palaeoworld 11: 328-340.
  • Longrich, N. 2006. Structure and function of hindlimb feathers in Archaeopteryx lithographica. Paleobiology 32: 417-431.
  • Longrich, N., and P.J. Currie. 2009. A microraptorine (Dinosauria-Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 5002-5007.
  • Lu, J., et al. 2010. A new troodontid theropod from the Late Cretaceous of central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55: 381-388.
  • Maddison, W.P. 1991. Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree. Systematic Zoology 40: 304-314.
  • Madsen, J.H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109: 1-163.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and P.J. Currie. 1998. The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 143-149.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and M.A. Norell. 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3247: 1-16.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and M.A. Norell. 2004. Troodontidae, In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 184-195. Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and H.D. Sues. 1998. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates 3240: 1-27.
  • Makovicky, P.J., M.A. Norell, J.M. Clark, and T. Rowe. 2003. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). American Museum Novitates 3402: 1-32.
  • Makovicky, P.J., Y. Kobayashi, and P.J. Currie. 2004. Ornithomimosauria. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 137-150. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Makovicky, P.J., S. Apesteguia, and F.L. Agnolin. 2005. The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America. Nature 437: 1007-1011.
  • Makovicky, P.J., et al. 2009. A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 277: 211-217.
  • Maleev, E.A. 1954. [A new turtle-like reptile in Mongolia]. Priroda 1954: 106-108. [in Russian]
  • Marsh, O.C. 1872. Preliminary description of Hesperornis regalis, with notices of four other new species of Cretaceous birds. American Journal of Science and Arts (3rd ser.) 3: 359-365.
  • Marsh, O.C. 1877a. Characters of the Odontornithes, with notice of a new allied genus. American Journal of Science and Arts (3rd ser.) 14: 85-87.
  • Marsh, O.C. 1877b. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science and Arts (3rd ser.) 14: 514-516.
  • Marsh, O.C. 1879. Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science and Arts (3rd ser.) 18: 501-505.
  • Marsh, O.C. 1880. Odontornithes: a monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. United States Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 201 pp.
  • Marsh, O.C. 1881. Classification of the Dinosauria. American Journal of Science (3rd ser.) 21: 417-423.
  • Martin, L.D. 1983. The origin and early radiation of birds. In A.H. Brush and G.A. Clark, Jr (editors), Perspectives in ornithology: 291-338. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maryanska, T., H. Osmolska, and M. Wolsan. 2002. Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 97-116.
  • Matthew, W.D., and B. Brown. 1922. The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46 (6): 367-385.
  • Maxwell, D.W., and L.M. Witmer. 1996. New material of Deinonychus (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (suppl. 3): 51A.
  • Mayr, G., B. Pohl, and D.S. Peters. 2005. A wellpreserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features. Science 310: 1483-1486.
  • Mayr, G., B. Pohl, S. Hartman, and D.S. Peters. 2007. The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149: 97-116.
  • Meers, M.B. 2003. Crocodylian forelimbs musculature and its relevance to Archosauria. Anatomical Record 274A: 891-916.
  • Meyer, H. 1861. Archaeopteryx lithographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenho- fen. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1861: 678-679.
  • Middleton, K.M. 2002. Evolution of the perching foot in theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (suppl. 3): 88A.
  • Molnar, R.E. 1985. Alternatives to Archaeopteryx: a survey of proposed early or ancestral birds. In M.K. Hecht, G. Viohl, J.H. Ostrom, and P. Wellnhofer (editors), The beginnings of birds: 209-217. Freunde der Jura Museum Eichstatt.
  • Molnar, R.E., S.M. Kurzanow, and Z. Dong. 1990. Carnosauria. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria: 169-209. Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Moore, G. 1998. A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. Taxon 47: 561-579.
  • Nesbitt, S.J., A.H. Turner, M. Spaulding, J.L. Conrad, and M.A. Norell. 2009. The theropod furcula. Journal of Morphology 270: 856-879.
  • Nesbitt, S.J., J.A. Clarke, A.H. Turner, and M.A. Norell. 2011. A small alvarezsaurid from the eastern Gobi Desert offers insight into evolutionary patterns in the Alvarezsauroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 144-153.
  • Nicholls, E.L., and A.P. Russell. 1985. Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae). Palaeontology 28: 638-677.
  • Nixon, K.C., and J.M. Carpenter. 2000. On the other ''phylogenetic systematics.'' Cladistics 16: 298-318.
  • Norell, M.A., and J.A. Clarke. 2001. Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution. Nature 409: 181-184.
  • Norell, M.A., and S. Hwang. 2004. A troodontid dinosaur from Ukhaa Tolgod (Late Cretaceous Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3446: 1-9.
  • Norell, M.A., and P.J. Makovicky. 1997. Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates 3215: 1-28.
  • Norell, M.A., and P.J. Makovicky. 1998. A revised look at the osteology of the dromaeosaurs: evidence from new specimens of Velociraptor. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (suppl. 3): 66A.
  • Norell, M.A., and P.J. Makovicky. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282: 1-45.
  • Norell, M.A., and P.J. Makovicky. 2004. Dromaeosauridae. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 196-209. Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Norell, M.A., and X. Xu. 2005. Feathered dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 33: 277-299.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, L.M. Chiappe, and D. Dashzeveg. 1995. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378: 774-776.
  • Norell, M.A., P.J. Makovicky, and J.M. Clark. 2000. A new troodontid from Ukhaa Tolgod, Late Cretaceous, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1): 7-11.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, and P.J. Makovicky. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosaurian theropods. In J. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: 49-68. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Norell, M.A., et al. 2002. ''Modern'' feathers on a non-avian dinosaur. Nature 416: 36-37.
  • Norell, M.A., P.J. Makovicky, and J.M. Clark. 2004. The braincase of Velociraptor. In P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, and J.L. Wright (editors), Feathered dinosaurs: 133-143. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Norell, M.A., et al. 2006. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3545: 1-51.
  • Norell, M.A., et al. 2009. A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda). American Museum Novitates 3654: 1-63.
  • Novas, F.E. 1996. Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 723-741.
  • Novas, F.E. 1997. Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 137-166.
  • Novas, F.E. 2004. Avian traits in the ilium of Unenlagia comahuensis (Maniraptora, Avialae). In P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar, and J.L. Wright (editors), Feathered dinosaurs: 112-132. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Novas, F.E., and D. Pol. 2002. Alvarezsaurid relationships reconsidered. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 121-125. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Novas, F.E., and D. Pol. 2005. New evidence on deinonychosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 433: 858-861.
  • Novas, F.E., and P.F. Puerta. 1997. New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 387: 390-392.
  • Novas, F.E., D. Pol, J.I. Canale, J.D. Porfiri, and J.O. Calvo. 2009. A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 276: 1101-1007.
  • Oken, L. 1816. Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Jena: Schmid.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1903. Ornitholestes hermanni, a new compsognathoid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19 (12): 459-464.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21 (14): 259-265. [second communication]
  • Osborn, H.F. 1917. Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35 (34): 733-771.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1923. Two Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 95: 1-10.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1924a. Sauropoda and Theropoda of the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 128: 1-7.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1924b. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144: 1-12.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1924c. Psittacosaurus and Protiguanodon: two Lower Cretaceous iguanodonts from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 127: 1-16.
  • Osmolska, H., P.J. Currie, and R. Barsbold. 2004. Oviraptorosauria. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 165-183. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Osmolska, H. 1981. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 42: 79-95.
  • Osmolska, H., and R. Barsbold. 1990. Troodontidae. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 259-268. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Osmolska, H., E. Roniewizc, and R. Barsbold. 1972. A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 21: 5-19.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1969a. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30: 1-165.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1969b. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128: 1-17.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1974. The pectoral girdle and forelimb function of Deinonychus (Reptilia: Saurischia): a correction. Postilla 165: 1-11.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1976a. On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Breviora 439: 1-21.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1976b. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 8: 91-182.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1978. The osteology of Compsognathus longipes Wagner. Zitteliana Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie und Historische Geologie 4: 77-118.
  • Padian, K., and L.M. Chiappe. 1998. The origin of birds and their flight. Scientific American 278: 28-37.
  • Padian, K., J.R. Hutchinson, and T.R. Holtz, Jr. 1997a. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the theropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (suppl. 3): 68A.
  • Padian, K., J.R. Hutchinson, and T.R. Holtz, Jr. 1997b. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 69-80.
  • Padian, K., A.J. De Ricqles, and J.R. Horner. 2001. Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature 412: 405-408.
  • Padian, K., J.R. Hutchinson, and T.R. Holtz, Jr. 1999. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 69-80.
  • Padian, K., A.J. de Ricqles, and J.R. Horner. 2001. Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature 412: 405-408.
  • Parks, W.A. 1926. Struthiomimus brevitertius, a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, 20: 65-70.
  • Parks, W.A. 1928. Struthiomimus samueli a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies (Geological Series) 26: 1-24.
  • Paul, G. 1988. Predatory dinosaurs of the world. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Paul, G. 2002. Dinosaurs of the air: the evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 460 pp.
  • Pennycuick, C.J. 1967. The strength of the pigeon's wing bone in relation to their function. Journal of Experimental Biology 46: 219-233.
  • Perez-Moreno, B.P., et al. 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: 363-367.
  • Perle, A. 1979. [Segnosauridae-a new family of theropods from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 8: 45-55. [in Russian]
  • Perle, A. 1981. [A new segnosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspiditsiya Trudy 15: 50-59. [in Russian]
  • Perle, A., M.A. Norell, L.M. Chiappe, and J.M. Clark. 1993. Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 362: 623-626.
  • Perle, A., L.M. Chiappe, R. Barsbold, J.M. Clark, and M.A. Norell. 1994. Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3105: 1-29.
  • Perle, A., M.A. Norell, and J.M. Clark. 1999. A new maniraptoran theropod-Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)-from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia. Contributions from the Geology and Mineralogy Chair, National Museum of Mongolia: 1-105.
  • Peyer, K. 2006. A reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjuers, southeastern France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 879-896.
  • Pol, D., and M.E. Siddall. 2001. Biases in maximum likelihood and parsimony: a simulation approach to a 10-taxon case. Cladistics 17: 266-281.
  • Prieto-Marquez, A., B. Minjin, and J.R. Horner. 2011. A diminutive deinonychosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Oosh (Ovorkhangai, Mongolia). Alcheringa: an Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. [doi:10.1080/03115518.2011.590401]
  • Rauhut, O.W.M. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1-213.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M., and C. Werner. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 69: 475-489.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M., A.C. Milner, and S. Moore-Fay. 2010. Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 155-195.
  • Ricqles, A., K. Padian, and J.R. Horner. 2001. The bone histology of basal birds in phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives. In J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: 411-428. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Rieppel, O., and M. Kearney. 2002. Similarity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75: 59-82.
  • Rougier, G.W., M.J. Novacek, M.C. McKenna, and J.R. Wible. 2001. Gobiconodonts from the Early Cretaceous of Oshih (Ashile), Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3348: 1-30.
  • Russell, D.A. 1969. A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6: 595-612.
  • Russell, D.A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences (Ottawa) Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1-34.
  • Russell, D.A., and Z.-M. Dong. 1993. A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2163-2173.
  • Samiolov, V.S., V.G. Ivanov, and V.N. Smirnov. 1988. Late Mesozoic riftogenic magmatism in the northeastern part of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia). Soviet Geology and Geophysics 29: 10-16.
  • Sankey, J.T. 2001. Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Ben, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 75: 208-215.
  • Sankey, J.T., D.B. Brinkman, M. Guenther, and P.J. Currie. 2002. Small theropod and bird teeth from the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) Judith River Group, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 76: 751-763.
  • Sanz, J.L., and J.F. Bonaparte. 1992. A new order of birds (class Aves) from Early Cretaceous of Spain. In K.E. Campbell, Jr. (editor), Papers in avian paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 36: 39-49.
  • Sanz, J.L., J.F. Bonaparte, L.M. Chiappe, and A.D. Buscalioni. 1993. La posicion filogenetica de Concornis lacustris del Cretacico inferior de Las Hoyas, Espana. Ameghiniana 30: 341.
  • Sanz, J.L., L.M. Chiappe, and A.D. Buscalioni. 1995. The osteology of Concornis lacustris (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a reexamination of its phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3133: 1-23.
  • Senter, P. 2007. A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 429-463.
  • Senter, P., R. Barsbold, B. Britt, and D.A. Burnham. 2004. Systematics and evolution of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 8: 1-20.
  • Sereno, P.C. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research 2: 234-256.
  • Sereno, P.C. 1997. The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25: 435-489.
  • Sereno, P.C. 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Abhandlungen 210: 41-83.
  • Sereno, P.C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147.
  • Sereno, P.C. 2005. Stem Archosauria-Taxon- Search. Available online (http://www.taxon search.org/dev/file_home.php).
  • Sereno, P.C., et al. 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272: 986-990.
  • Sereno, P.C., et al. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298-1302.
  • Sereno, P.C., S. McAllister, and S.L. Brusatte. 2005. TaxonSearch: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and phylogenetic definitions. PhyloInformatics 8: 1-21.
  • Shuvalov, V. 2000. The Cretaceous stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Mongolia. In M.J. Benton, M.A. Shishkin, D.M. Unwin, and E.N. Kurochkin (editors), The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia: 256-278. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, A.G., D.G. Smith, and B.M. Funnell. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, N.D., P.J. Makovicky, W.R. Hammer, and P.J. Currie. 2007. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 377-421.
  • Sternberg, C.M. 1933. A new Ornithomimus with complete abdominal cuirass. Canadian Field Naturalist 47: 79-83.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1977. The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia. Palaontologische Zeischrift 51: 173-184.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1978. A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 381-400.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1997. On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 698-716.
  • Sullivan, R.M. 2006. Saurornitholestes robustus, n. sp. (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (De-Na- Zin Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35: 253-256.
  • Sullivan, R.M., and S.G. Lucas. 2000. First occurrence of Saurornitholestes (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 105-108.
  • Sun, G., D.L. Dilcher, S. Zheng, and Z. Zhou. 1998. In search of the first flower: a Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science 282: 1692-1695.
  • Suzuki, S., et al. 2002. A new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998 from the mongolian Late Cretaceous with a discussion of the relationships of alvarezsaurids to other theropod dinosaurs. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 494: 1-18.
  • Swisher, C.C., III, Y.-Q. Wang, X.-L. Wang, X. Xu, and Y. Wang. 1999. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature 400: 58-61.
  • Swisher, C.C., III, et al. 2002. Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: new 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations. Chinese Science Bulletin 47: 135-138.
  • Temminck, J. 1815. Manuel d'ornithologie. Paris: G. Dufour, 618 pp.
  • Tsogtbaatar, K. 2004. Fossil specimens prepared in Mongolian Paleontological Center 1993- 2001. Hayashibara Museum of Sciences Research Bulletin 2: 123-128.
  • Turner, A.H., S.H. Hwang, and M.A. Norell. 2007a. A small derived theropod from Oosh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhankor Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3557: 1-27.
  • Turner, A.H., D. Pol, J.A. Clarke, G.M. Erickson, and M.A. Norell. 2007b. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science 317: 1378-1381.
  • Turner, A.H., P.J. Makovicky, and M.A. Norell. 2007c. Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur Velociraptor. Science 317: 1721.
  • Turner, A.H., D. Pol, J.A. Clarke, G.M. Erickson, and M.A. Norell. 2007d. The basal-most dromaeosaurid: a new species from Tugrugyin Shireh, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (suppl. 3): 161A.
  • Turner, A.H., S.J. Nesbitt, and M.A. Norell. 2009. A large alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3684: 1-14.
  • Turner, A.H., D. Pol, and M.A. Norell. 2011. Anatomy of Mahakala omnogovae (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae), Togrogiin Shiree, Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3722: 1-66.
  • Vanden Berge, J.C., and G.A. Zweers. 1993. Myologia. In J.J. Baumel, A.S. King, J.E. Breazile, H.E. Evans, and J.C. Vanden Berge (editors), Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium. 2nd ed. Publications of the Nuttal Ornithological Club 23: 189-250.
  • Vickers-Rich, P., L.M. Chiappe, and S.M. Kurzanov. 2002. The enigmatic birdlike dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: comments and a pictorial atlas. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 65-86. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • von Huene, F. 1926. Vollstandige Osteologie eines Plateosauriden aus dem schwabischen Keuper. Geologica et Palaeontologica 15: 139-179.
  • Walker, A.D. 1964. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 248: 53-134.
  • Walker, C.A. 1981. A new subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America. Nature 292: 51-53.
  • Wang, S.S., H.-G. Hu, P.-X. Li, and Y.-Q. Wang. 2001. Further discussion on geologic age of Sihetun vertebrate assemblage in western Liaoning, China: evidence from Ar-Ar dating. Acta Petrologica Sinica 17: 663-668. [in Chinese]
  • Watabe, M., and S. Suzuki. 2000. Cretaceous fossil localities and a list of fossils collected by the Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences and Mongolian Paleontological Center Joint Paleontological Expedition (JMJPE) from 1993 through 1998. Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 99-108.
  • Webster, A.J., and A. Purvis. 2002. Testing the accuracy of methods for reconstructing ancestral states of continuous characters. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 269: 143-149.
  • Wellnhofer, P. 1974. Das funfte Skelettexemplar von Archaeopteryx. Palaeontographica Abteilung A Palaeozoologie-Stratigraphie 147: 169-216.
  • Wellnhofer, P. 1988. Ein neues Exemplar von Archaeopteryx. Archaeopteryx 6: 1-30.
  • Wellnhofer, P. 1992. A new specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofen limestone. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 36: 3-23.
  • Wellnhofer, P. 1993. Das siebte Exemplar von Archaeopteryx aus den Solnhofener Schichten. Archaeopteryx 11: 1-48.
  • Wellnhofer, P., and H. Tischlinger. 2004. Das Brustbein von Archaeopteryx bavarica Well- nhofer 1993 - eine Revision. Archaeopteryx 22: 3-15.
  • Wilson, J.A. 1999.A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639-653.
  • Wilson, J.A., and P.C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 5: 1-68.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1990. The craniofacial air sac system of Mesozoic birds (Aves). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 327-378.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1997. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (suppl. 1): 1-73.
  • Witmer, L.M., and W.D. Maxwell. 1996. The skull of Deinonychus (Dinosauria: Theropoda): new insights and implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (suppl. 3): 73A.
  • Xu, X., and M.A. Norell. 2004. A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture. Nature 431: 838-841.
  • Xu, X., and X. Wang. 2004. A new dromaeosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 42: 111-119.
  • Xu, X., and X.-C. Wu. 2001. Cranial morphology of Sinornithosaurus millenii Xu et al., 1999 (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. Canadi- an Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1739-1752.
  • Xu, X., and F. Zhang. 2005. A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Naturwissenschaften 431: 173-177.
  • Xu, X., X.-L. Wang, and X.-C. Wu. 1999. A dromaeosaur dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401: 262-266.
  • Xu, X., Z. Zhou, and X. Wang. 2000. The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature 408: 705-707.
  • Xu, X., Z. Zhou, and R.O. Prum. 2001. Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers. Nature 410: 200-204.
  • Xu, X., M.A. Norell, X.-l. Wang, P.J. Makovicky, and X.-C. Wu. 2002a. A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415: 780-784.
  • Xu, X., Y.-N. Cheng, X.-L. Wang, and C.-H. Chang. 2002b. An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419: 291-293.
  • Xu, X., et al. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421: 335-340.
  • Xu, X., et al. 2004. Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids. Nature 431: 680-684.
  • Xu, X., Q. Tan, J. Wang, X. Zhao, and L. Tan. 2007. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature 447: 844-847.
  • Xu, X., et al. 2009. A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin. Chinese Science Bulletin 54: 430-435.
  • Xu, X., et al. 2010. A new dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. Zootaxa 2403: 1-9.
  • Xu, X., H. You, K. Du, and F. Han. 2011. An Archaeopteryx -like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. Nature 475: 465-479.
  • You, H.-L., et al. 2006. A nearly modern amphibious bird from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China. Science 312: 1640-1643.
  • Yuan, C. 2008. A new genus and species of Sapeornithidae from Lower Cretaceous in western Liaoning, China. Acta Geologica Sinica 82: 48-55.
  • Zanno, L.E. 2010a. A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of Therizinosauria. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 503-543.
  • Zanno, L.E. 2010b. Osteology of Falcaius utahensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): characterizing the anatomy of basal therizinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 196-230.
  • Zanno, L.E., and P.J. Makovicky. 2011. Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 232-237.
  • Zanno, L.E., D.D. Gillette, L.B. Albright, and A.L. Titus. 2009. A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 276: 3505-3511.
  • Zanno, L.E., D.J. Varricchio, P.M. O'Connor, A.L. Titus, and M.J. Knell. 2011. A new troodontid, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America. PLoS ONE 6 (9): e24487. [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024487]
  • Zanno, L.E., et al. In press. Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs of southern Utah. In A. Titus (editor), Advances in Late Cretaceous western interior basin paleontology and geology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Zhang, F., Z. Zhou, X. Xu, and X. Wang. 2002. A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod from China indicates arboreal habits. Naturwissenschaften 89: 394-398.
  • Zhang, F., Z. Zhou, X. Xu, X. Wang, and C. Sullivan. 2008. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers. Nature 455: 1105-1108.
  • Zheng, X., X. Xu, H. You, Q. Zhao, and Z. Dong. 2010. A short-armed dromaeosaurid from the Jehol Group of China with implications for early dromaeosaurids evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 277: 211-217.
  • Zhou, Z. 1995. Discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 33: 99-113.
  • Zhou, Z., and L.-H. Hou. 2002. The discovery and study of Mesozoic birds in China. In L.M. Chiappe and L.M. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 160-183. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Zhou, Z., and X.-L. Wang. 2000. A new species of Caudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, northeast China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 38: 111-127.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2001. Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 46: 1258-1264.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2002a. A long-tailed, seed-eating bird from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 418: 405-409.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2002b. Largest bird from the Early Cretaceous and its implications for the earliest avian ecological diversification. Naturwissenschaften 89: 34-38.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2003a. Jeholornis compared to Archaeopteryx, with a new understanding of the earliest avian evolution. Naturwissenschaften 90: 220-225.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2003b. Anatomy of the primitive bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 731-747.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2005. Discovery of an ornithurine bird and its implication for Early Cretaceous avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 18998-19002.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2006a. A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Zoologica Scripta 35: 363-373.
  • Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2006b. Mesozoic birds of China-a synoptic review. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 44: 74-98.
  • Zhou, Z., F. Jin, and J.Y. Zhang. 1992. Preliminary report on a Mesozoic bird from Liaoning, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 37: 1365-1368.
  • Zhou, Z., P.M. Barrett, and J. Hilton. 2003. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature 421: 807-814.
  • Zhou, Z., J.A. Clarke, and F. Zhang. 2008. Insight into diversity, body size and morphological evolution from the largest Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird. Journal of Anatomy 212: 565-577.