Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published February 29, 2012 | Version v1
Journal article Open

The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia

Creators

Description

Brusatte, Stephen L., Carr, Thomas D., Norell, Mark A. (2012): The Osteology Of Alioramus, A Gracile And Long-Snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012 (366): 1-197, DOI: 10.1206/770.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/770.1

Files

source.pdf

Files (89.3 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:a17eef03ffdbb489ab606c4ccbea5fe4
89.3 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:A17EEF03FFDBFF89AB606C4CFFEAFFE4

Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453703 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453705 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453707 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453709 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453711 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453713 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453715 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453717 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453719 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453721 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453723 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453725 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453727 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453729 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453731 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453733 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453735 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453737 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453739 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453741 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453743 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453745 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453747 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453749 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453751 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453753 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453755 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453757 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453759 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453761 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453763 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453765 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453767 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453769 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453771 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453773 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453775 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453777 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453779 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453781 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453783 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453785 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453787 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453789 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453791 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453793 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453795 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453797 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453799 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453801 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453803 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453805 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453807 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453809 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453811 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453813 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453815 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453817 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453819 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453821 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453823 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453825 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453827 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453829 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453831 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453833 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453835 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453837 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453839 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453841 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453843 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453845 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453847 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453849 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453851 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453853 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453855 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453857 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453859 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5453861 (DOI)

References

  • Davidson, A., S. Alderson, and M. Fox. 2006. Assembling an archival marking kit for paleontological specimens. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (3): 54A.
  • Dodson, P., C.A. Forster, and S.D. Sampson. 2004. Ceratopsidae. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 494-513. University of California Press: Berkeley.
  • Eddy, D.R. 2008. A re-analysis of the skull of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345): implications for allosauroid morphology, phylogeny, and biogeography. Unpublished MSc thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
  • Eddy, D.R., and J.A. Clarke. 2011. New information on the cranial anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and its implications for the phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda). PLoS ONE 6 (3): e17932.
  • Erickson, G.M., et al. (1996). Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature 382: 706-708.
  • Ezcurra, M.D. 2007. The cranial anatomy of the coelophysoid theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. Historical Biology 19: 185-202.
  • Ezcurra, M.D., and F.E. Novas. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NW Argentina. Historical Biology 19: 35-72.
  • Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8: 1-55.
  • Gianechini, F.A., F.L. Angolin, and M.D. Ezcurra. 2011. A reassessment of the purported venom delivery system of the bird-like raptor Sinornithosaurus. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 85: 103-107.
  • Gilmore, C.W. 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 67 (2): 23-78.
  • Gilmore, C.W. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 106: 1-19.
  • Gohlich, U.B., and L.M. Chiappe. 2006. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago. Nature 440: 329-332.
  • Gong, E., L.D. Martin, D.A. Burnham, and A.R. Falk. 2010. The birdlike raptor Sinornithosaurus was venomous. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 766-768.
  • Gower, D.J. 1999. Cranial osteology of a new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern Germany. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B Geologie und Palaeontologie 280: 1-49.
  • Harris, J.D. 1998. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13: 1-75.
  • Hieronymus, T.L., L.M. Witmer, D.H. Tanke, and P.J. Currie. 2009. The facial integument of centrosaurine ceratopsids: morphological and histological correlates of novel skin structures. Anatomical Record 292: 1370-1396.
  • Holtz, T.R. 1995. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 480-519.
  • Holtz, T.R. 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15: 6-61.
  • Holtz, T.R. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (editors), Mesozoic vertebrate life: 64-83. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.
  • Holtz, T.R. 2004. Tyrannosauroidea. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 111-136. University of California Press: Berkeley.
  • Holtz, T.R., R.E. Molnar, and P.J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 71-110. University of California Press: Berkeley.
  • Huene, F. von. 1914. Das naturliche System der Saurischia. Zentralblatt Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie B 1914: 154-158.
  • Hurum, J.H., and P.J. Currie. 2000. The crushing bite of tyrannosaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 619-621.
  • Hurum, J.H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161-190.
  • Hutchinson, J.R. 2001. The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 123-168.
  • Hutt, S., D.W. Naish, D.M. Martill, M.J. Barker, and P. Newberry. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosauroid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22: 227-242.
  • Hwang, S.H., M.A. Norell, Q. Ji, and K.-Q. Gao. 2004. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 13-30.
  • Ji, Q., et al. (2003). An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny. American Museum Novitates 3420: 1-19.
  • Ji, Q., S.-A. Ji, and L.-J. Zhang. 2009. First large tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northeastern China. Geological Bulletin of China 28: 1369-1374.
  • Kurzanov, S.M. 1976. [A new Late Cretaceous carnosaur from Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia]. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions 3: 93-104, [in Russian, English summary].
  • Kobayashi, Y., and R. Barsbold. 2005. Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1501-1521.
  • Kobayashi, Y., and J.-C. Lu. 2003. A new ornithomimid dinosaurian with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 235-259.
  • Lambe, L.M. 1917. The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada 100: 1-84.
  • Li, D., M.A. Norell, K. Gao, N.D. Smith, and P.J. Makovicky. 2010. A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 277: 183-190.
  • Madsen, J.H. 1974. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah. Journal of Paleontology 48: 27-31.
  • Madsen, J.H. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109: 1-163.
  • Madsen, J.H., and S.P. Welles. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). A revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 2: 1-80.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and M.A. Norell. 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3247: 1-16.
  • Maleev, E.A. 1974. [Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae]. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions 1: 132-191, [in Russian, English summary].
  • Marsh, O.C. 1881. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V. American Journal of Science (Series 3) 21: 417-423.
  • Mathew, W.D., and B. Brown. 1923. Preliminary notices of skeletons and skulls of Deinodontidae from the Cretaceous of Alberta. American Museum Novitates 89: 1-9.
  • Molnar, R.E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217: 137-176.
  • Molnar, R.E. 2000. Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905). Gaia 15: 193-218.
  • Naish, D., D.M. Martill, and E. Frey. 2004. Ecology, systematics and biogeographical relationships of dinosaurs, including a new theropod, from the Santana Formation (?Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil. Historical Biology 2004: 1-14.
  • Norell, M.A., and S.H. Hwang. 2004. A troodontid dinosaur from Ukhaa Tolgod (Late Late Cretaceous Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3446: 1-9.
  • Norell, M.A., and P.J. Makovicky. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282: 1-45.
  • Norell, M.A., et al. (2006). A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3545: 1-51.
  • Novas, F.E. 1996. Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 723-741.
  • Novas, F.E., M.D. Ezcurra, M. D, and A. Lecuona. 2008. Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 29: 468-480.
  • O'Connor, P.M. 2007. The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 127-162.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259-265.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 281-296.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus; and integument of the iguanodont dinosaur Trachodon. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History (n. ser.) 1, pt. 1-2: 1-54.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1916. Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35 (43): 733-771.
  • Osmolska, H. 1996. An unusual theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 41: 1-38.
  • Parks, W.A. 1928. Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies (Geological Series) 25: 3-42.
  • Perez-Moreno, B.P., et al. (1994). A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: 363-367.
  • Peyer, K. 2006. A reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjeurs, southeastern France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 879-896.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M. 2003a. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1-213.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M. 2003b. A tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Palaeontology 46: 903-910.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M. 2005. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 48: 87-110.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M., and X. Xu. 2005. The small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus and Phaedrolosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 107-118.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M., A.C. Milner, and S. Moore-Fay. 2010. Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 155-195.
  • Rayfield, E.J. 2004. Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 271: 1451-1459.
  • Rodriguez-Vazquez, J.F., et al. (1997). Development of Meckel's cartilage in the symphyseal region in man. Anatomical Record Part A 249: 249-254.
  • Rowe, T. 1989. A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9: 125-136.
  • Russell, D.A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1-34.
  • Sampson, S.D., and M.A. Loewen. 2005. Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 469-472.
  • Sampson, S.D., and L.M. Witmer. 2007. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 32-102.
  • Sampson, S.D., M.J. Ryan, and D.H. Tanke. 1997. Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taxonomic and behavioral implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 121: 293-337.
  • Sereno, P.C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2: 1-53.
  • Sereno, P.C., and S.L. Brusatte. 2008. Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53: 15-46.
  • Sereno, P.C., and F. Novas. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 451-476.
  • Sereno, P.C., et al. (1996). Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272: 986-991.
  • Sereno, P.C., S. McAllister, and S.L. Brusatte. 2005. TaxonSearch: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and their phylogenetic definitions. Phyloinformatics 8: 1-21.
  • Sereno, P.C., et al. (2009). Tyrannosaurid skeletal design first evolved at small body size. Science 326: 418-422.
  • Smith, J.B. 2006. Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 865-887.
  • Smith, J.B. 2007. Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 103-126.
  • Smith, J.B., and P. Dodson. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 1-12.
  • Snively, E., D.M. Henderson, and D.S. Phillips. 2006. Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: implications for cranial strength and feeding. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51: 435-454.
  • Tsuihiji, T., et al. (2011). Cranial osteology of a juvenile specimen of Tarbosaurus bataar from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Bugin Tsav, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 497-517.
  • Tykoski, R.S., and T. Rowe. 2004. Ceratosauria. In D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria, 2nd ed.: 47-70. University of California Press: Berkeley.
  • Urban, M.A., and M.C. Lamanna. 2006. Evidence of a giant tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (?Campanian) of Montana. Annals of Carnegie Museum 75: 231-235.
  • Weinbaum, J.C. 2011. The skull of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodyliformes) from the Upper Triassic of the United States. PaleoBios 30: 18-44.
  • Welles, S.P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85-180.
  • Wilson, J.A. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639-653.
  • Wilson, J.A., et al. (2003). A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31: 1-42.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1997. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3: 1-73.
  • Xu, X., et al. (2004). Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids. Nature 431: 680-684.
  • Xu, X., et al. (2006). A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Nature 439: 715-718.
  • Zhao, X.-J., and P.J. Currie. 1993. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2027-2036.
  • Zhao, X.-J., R.B.J. Benson, S.L. Brusatte, and P.J. Currie. 2010. The postcranial skeleton of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods. Geological Magazine 147: 13-27.