Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published March 2, 2005 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans

Creators

Description

MAISEY, JOHN G. (2005): Braincase Of The Upper Devonian Shark Cladodoides Wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii With Observations On The Braincase In Early Chondrichthyans. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (288): 1, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)288<0001:BOTUDS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0090%282005%29288%3C0001%3ABOTUDS%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Files

source.pdf

Files (5.1 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:a7e2e11412287455c766fc13b7f486f0
5.1 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFE2E11412287455C766FC13FFF4FFF0

Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361135 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361137 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361139 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361141 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361144 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361146 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361148 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361150 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361152 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361154 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361156 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361158 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361160 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361162 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361164 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361166 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361170 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361172 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361174 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361176 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361178 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361180 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361182 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361184 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361186 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361188 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361190 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361192 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361194 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361196 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361198 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361200 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361202 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361204 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361206 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361208 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5361210 (DOI)

References

  • Agassiz, J.L.R. 1833-44. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles. 5 vols. Neuchatel: Imprimerie Petitpierre.
  • Allis, E.P. 1914. The pituitary fossa and trigemino-facialis chamber in selachians. Anatomisch- er Anzeiger 46: 225-253.
  • Allis, E.P. 1923a. The cranial anatomy of Chlamydoselachus anguineus. Acta Zoologica 4: 123-221.
  • Allis, E.P. 1923b. Are the polar and trabecular cartilages of vertebrate embryos the pharyngeal elements of mandibular and premandibular arches? Journal of Anatomy 58: 37-51.
  • Allis, E.P. 1928. Concerning the pituitary fossa, the myodome and the trigemino-facialis chamber in recent gnathostome fishes. Journal of Anatomy 63: 95-141.
  • Basden, A.M., G.C. Young, M. Coates, and A. Ritchie. 2000. The most primitive osteichthyan braincase? Nature 403: 185-188.
  • Basden, A.M., and G.C. Young. 2001. A primitive actinopterygian neurocranium from the early Devonian of southeastern Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 745-766.
  • Bertmar, G. 1959. On the ontogeny of the chondral skull in Characidae, with a discussion on the chondrocranial base and the visceral chondrocranium in fishes. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 40: 203-364.
  • Bjerring, H. 1978. The ''intracranial joint'' versus the ''ventral otic fissure''. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 59: 203-214.
  • Bleckman, H., and M.H. Hoffman. 1999. Special senses. In W.C. Hamlett (editor), Sharks, skates and rays; the biology of elasmobranch fishes: 300-328. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Blot, J. 1969. Systematique. In J. Pivetau (editor), Traite de paleontologie, IV (2), Gnathostomes, acanthodiens, placodermes, elasmobranches: 702-776. Paris: Masson.
  • Cerny, R., P. Lwigale, R. Ericsson, D. Meulemans, H.-H. Epperlein, and M. Bonner-Fraser. 2004. Developmental origins and evolution of jaws: new interpretation of ''maxillary'' and ''mandibular''. Developmental Biology 276: 225-236.
  • Chai, Y., X. Jiang, Y. Ito, P. Bringas, J. Han, D.H. Rowitch, P. Soriano, A.P. McMahon, and H.M. Sucov. 2000. Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis. Development 127: 1671-1679.
  • Chang, M.M. 1995. Diabolepis and its bearing on the relationships between porolepiforms and dipnoans. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 4e serie 17: 235- 268.
  • Chibon, P. 1974. Un systeme morphogenetique remarquable; la crete neurale des vertebres. Annales de Biologie 13: 459-480.
  • Chorn, J., and K.N. Whetstone. 1978. The use of the term nomen vanum in taxonomy. Journal of Paleontology 52: 494.
  • Coates, M.I., and S.E.K. Sequeira. 1998. The braincase of a primitive shark. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences 89: 63-85.
  • Coates, M.I., and S.E.K. Sequeira. 2001a. Early sharks and primitive gnathostome interrelationships. In P.E. Ahlberg (editor), Major events in early vertebrate evolution: palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development: 241-262. New York: Taylor and Francis for the Systematics Association.
  • Coates, M.I., and S.E.K. Sequeira. 2001b. A new stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the Lower Carboniferous of Bearsden, Scotland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 438-459.
  • Cohn, M.J. 2002 Lamprey Hox genes and the origins of jaws. Nature 416: 386-387.
  • Corwin, J.T. 1989. Functional anatomy of the auditory system in sharks and rays. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 2(suppl.): 62-74.
  • Daget, J., and F. d'Aubenton. 1957. Developpement et morphologie du crane d' Heterotis niloticus Ehr. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire 11: 1-178.
  • Daniel, J.F. 1934. The Elasmobranch fishes. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Dean, B. 1909. Studies on fossil fishes (sharks, chimaeroids and arthrodires). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9: 209- 287.
  • De Beer, G.R. 1924. Contributions to the study of the development of the head in Heterodontus. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 68: 39-65.
  • De Beer, G.R. 1931. The development of the skull in Scyllium (Scyliorhinus) canicula L. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, n. ser. 74: 591-652.
  • De Beer, G.R. 1937. The development of the vertebrate skull. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • De Beer, G.R., and J.A. Moy-Thomas. 1935. On the skull of Holocephali. Philosophical Trans- actions of the Royal Society of London (B) 224: 287-312.
  • Denison, R. 1979. Acanthodii. In H.-P. Schulze (editor), Handbook of paleoichthyology 5: 1- 62. New York: Fischer.
  • Devillers, C. 1958. Le crane des poissons. In P.- P. Grasse (editor), Traite de zoologie 13(1): 551-687. Paris: Masson.
  • Dick, J.R.F. 1978. On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 70: 63-109.
  • Didier, D. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). American Museum Novitates 3119: 1-86.
  • Eastman, C.R. 1897. Tamiobatis vetustus: a new form of fossil skate. American Journal of Science 4th. ser. 4: 85-90.
  • El-Toubi, M. R. 1949. The development of the chondrocranium of the spiny dogfish, Acanthias vulgaris (Squalus acanthias). Part 1. Neurocranium, mandibular and hyoid arches. Journal of Morphology 84: 227-280.
  • Forey, P. 1998. History of the coelacanth fishes. London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Francis-West, P., R. Ladher, A. Barlow, and A. Graveson. 1998. Signalling interactions during facial development. Mechanisms of Development 75: 3-28.
  • Gadow, H. 1888. On the modifications of the first and second visceral arches, with especial reference to the homologies of the auditory ossicles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 179: 451-485.
  • Gardiner, B.G. 1984a. The relationships of the palaeoniscid fishes, a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the Upper Devonian of Western Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 37(4): 173-428.
  • Gardiner, B.G. 1984b. The relationships of placoderms. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 379-395.
  • Gaudin, T. 1991. A re-examination of elasmobranch monophyly and chondrichthyan phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 182: 133-160.
  • Gegenbaur, C. 1872. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. III. Das Kopfskelet der Selachier, ein Beitrag zur Erkenntniss der Genese des Kopfskeletes der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig: Engelmann.
  • Ginter, M. 1998. Taxonomic problems with Carboniferous ''cladodont-level'' sharks. Ichthyolith Issues Special Publication 4: 14-16.
  • Ginter, M., and A. Ivanov. 1992. Devonian phoebodont shark teeth. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 55-75.
  • Goodrich, E.S. 1930. Studies of the structure and development of vertebrates. London: Macmillan.
  • Goujet, D. 1984. Les poissons Placodermes du Spitzberg. Arthrodires Dolichothoraci de la Formation de Wood Bay (Devonien Inferieur). Paris: Cahiers de Paleontologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
  • Grogan, E.D., and R. Lund. 2000. Debeerius ellefseni (Fam. nov., gen. nov., spec. nov.), an autodiastylic chondrichthyan from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana (USA), the relationships of Chondrichthyes, and comments on gnathostome evolution. Journal of Morphology 243: 219-245.
  • Gross, W. 1933. Die Wirbelthiere des Rheinischen Devons. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 154: 1-83.
  • Gross, W. 1937. Das Kopfskelett von Cladodus wildungensis Jaekel. 1. Teil. Endocranium und Palatoquadratum. Senckenbergiana 19: 80-107.
  • Gross, W. 1938. Das Kopfskelett von Cladodus wildungensis Jaekel. 2. Teil. Der Kieferbogen. Senckenbergiana 20: 123-145.
  • Haeckel, E.H.P.A. 1875. Die Gastrula und die Eifurchung der Tiere. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 9: 402-508.
  • Hall, B.K. 1998. Evolutionary developmental biology, 2nd. ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Hammarberg, F. 1937. Zur Kenntniss der ontogenetischen Entwicklung des Schadels von Lepidosteus platostomus. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 18: 209-337.
  • Heidtke, U.H.J. 1998. Revision der Gattung Orthacanthus Agassiz 1843 (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthida). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 72: 135-147.
  • Heidtke, U.H.J. 1999. Orthacanthus (Lebachacanthus) senckenbergianus Fritsch 1889 (Xenacanthida: Chondrichthyes): revision, organisation und phylogenie. Freiburger Forschungsheft C481: 63-106.
  • Heidtke, U.H.J., and K. Kratschmer. 2001. Gladbachus adentatus nov. gen et sp., ein primitiver Hai aus dem Oberen Givetium (Obers Mitteldevon) der Bergische Gladbach-Paffrath-Mulde (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen 30: 105-122.
  • Holmgren, N. 1940. Studies on the head in fishes. Part I. Development of the skull in sharks and rays. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 21: 51-267.
  • Holmgren, N. 1941. Studies on the head in fishes. Part II. Comparative anatomy of the adult selachian skull with remarks on the dorsal fins in sharks. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 22: 1-100.
  • Holmgren, N. 1942. Studies on the head in fishes. Part III. The phylogeny of elasmobranch fishes. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 23: 129-261.
  • Holmgren, N. 1943. Studies on the head in fishes. Part IV. General morphology of the head in fish. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 23: 1-188.
  • Hotton, N. 1952. Jaws and teeth of American xenacanth sharks. Journal of Paleontology 26: 489-500.
  • Hubendick, B. 1943. Zur Kenntnis der Entwicklung des Primordialcraniums bei Leusiscus rutilus. Arkiv fur Zoologi 34(7): 1-35.
  • Huxley, T.H. 1875. Preliminary note on the brain and skull of Amphioxus lanceolatus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 23: 127- 132.
  • Huxley, T.H. 1876. Contributions to morphology. Ichthyopsida. No. 1. On Ceratodus forsteri, with observations on the classification of fishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 24-59.
  • Iselstoger, H. 1937. Das Neurokranium von Rhina squatina und einige Bemerkungen uber ihre systematische Stellung. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 62: 349-394.
  • Jaekel, O. 1921. Die Stellung der Palaontologie zu einigen Problemen der Biologie und Phylogenie. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 3: 213-239.
  • Janvier, P. 1981a. The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil ''agnathans''. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1: 121-159.
  • Janvier, P. 1981b. Norselaspis glacialis n.g., n.sp. et les relations phylogenetiques entre les Kiaeraspidiens (Osteostraci) du Devonien inferieur du Spitzberg. Palaeovertebrata 11(2, 3): 19- 131.
  • Janvier, P. 1984. The relationship of the Osteostraci and Galeaspida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 344-358.
  • Janvier, P. 1985. Les cephalaspides du Spitzberg. Cahiers de paleontologie. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
  • Janvier, P. 1996. Early vertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Janvier, P., and M. Suarez-Riglos. 1986. The Silurian and Devonian vertebrates of Bolivia. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 15(3, 4): 73-114.
  • Jarvik, E. 1954. On the visceral skeleton in Eusthenopteron with a discussion of the parasphenoid and palatoquadrate in fishes. Kungliga Svenska VetenskapsAkademiens Handlingar 5: 1-104.
  • Jarvik, E. 1977. The systematic position of acanthodian fishes. In S.M. Andrews, R.S. Miles, and A.D. Walker (editors), Problems in vertebrate evolution: 199-224. London: Academic Press.
  • Jarvik, E. 1980. Basic structure and evolution of vertebrates. London: Academic Press.
  • Johnson, G.D. 1999. Dentitions of late Paleozoic Orthacanthus species and new species of? Xenacanthus (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthiformes) from North America. Acta Geologica Polonica 49(3): 215-266.
  • Jollie, M. 1971. Some developmental aspects of the head skeleton of the 35-37 Squalus acanthias foetus. Journal of Morphology 133: 17- 40.
  • Jollie, M. 1962. Chordate morphology. London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Kuritani, S., Y. Murakami, Y. Nobusada, R. Kusakabe, and S. Hirano. 2004. Developmental fate of the mandibular mesoderm in the lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum: conservative morphology and development of the gnathostome jaw with special reference to the nature of the trabecula cranii. Journal of Experimental Zoology 302B: 458-468.
  • Lauder, G.V. 1980. On the evolution of the jaw adductor musculature in primitive gnathostome fishes. Breviora 460: 1-10.
  • Lund, R. 1985. The morphology of Falcatus falcatus (St. John and Worthen), a Mississippian stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1-19.
  • Luther, A. 1909. Untersuchungen uber die vom N. trigeminus innervierte Muskulatur der Selachier (Haie und Rochen). Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 36: 1-168.
  • Maisch, M.W. 1998. Wildungenichthys grossi n. gen. n. sp., a new selenosteid arthrodire (Placodermi, arthrodira) from the Kellwasserwerk (late Frasnian, Upper Devonian) of Bad Wildungen (Hessen, W. Germany). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 72: 373-382.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1980. An evaluation of jaw suspension in sharks. American Museum Novitates 2706: 1-17.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1981. Studies on the Paleozoic selachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz. No. 1. Historical review and revised diagnosis of Ctenacanthus, with a list of referred taxa. American Museum Novitates 2718: 1-22.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1983. Cranial anatomy of Hybodus basanus Egerton from the Lower Cretaceous of England. American Museum Novitates 2758: 1-64.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1984a. Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4(3): 359-371.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1984b. Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 33-54.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1984c. Studies on the Paleozoic se- lachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz. No. 3. Nominal species referred to Ctenacanthus. American Museum Novitates 2774: 1-20.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1985. Cranial morphology of the fossil elasmobranch Synechodus dubrisiensis. American Museum Novitates 2804: 1-28.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1987. Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic shark Hybodus reticulatus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), with comments on elasmobranch systematics. American Museum Novitates 2878: 1-39.
  • Maisey, J.G. 1999. The supraotic bone in neopterygian fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii). American Museum Novitates 3267: 1-52.
  • Maisey, J.G. 2001a. Remarks on the inner ear of elasmobranchs and its interpretation from skeletal labyrinth morphology. Journal of Morphology 250: 236-264.
  • Maisey, J.G. 2001b. A primitive chondrichthyan braincase from the Middle Devonian of Bolivia. In P.E. Ahlberg (editor), Major events in early vertebrate evolution: paleontology, phylogeny, genetics, and development: 263-288. New York: Taylor and Francis, for the Systematics Association.
  • Maisey, J.G. 2001c. CT-scan reveals new cranial features in Devonian chondrichthyan ''Cladodus'' wildungensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(4): 807-810.
  • Maisey, J.G. 2004a. Endocranial morphology in fossil and Recent chondrichthyans. In G. Arratia, M. Wilson, and R. Cloutier (editors), Recent advances in the origin and radiation of early vertebrates. 139-170. Munich: Pfeil.
  • Maisey, J.G. 2004b. Morphology of the braincase in the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), based on CT scanning. American Museum Novitates 3351: 1-52.
  • Maisey, J.G., and M.E. Anderson. 2001. A primitive chondrichthyan braincase from the early Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(4): 702-713.
  • Maisey, J.G., and M.R. de Carvalho. 1997. A new look at old sharks. Nature 385: 779-780.
  • Maisey, J.G., G.J.P. Naylor, and D.J. Ward. 2004. Mesozoic elasmobranchs, neoselachian phylogeny and the rise of modern elasmobranch diversity. In G. Arratia and A. Tintori (editors), Mesozoic Fishes 3-Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. 17-56. Munich: Pfeil.
  • Marinelli, W., and A. Strenger. 1959. Vergleichen- de Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbelthiere. III. Lieferung, pt. 2, Squalus acanthias: 179-308. Vienna: Franz Deuticke.
  • Meulemans, D., and M. Bonner-Fraser. 2002. Amphioxus and lamprey AP-2 genes: implications for neural crest evolution and migration patterns. Development 129: 4953-4962.
  • Miles, R.S. 1964. A reinterpretation of the visceral skeleton in Acanthodes. Nature 204: 457- 459.
  • Miles, R.S. 1965. Some features of the cranial morphology of acanthodians and the relationships of the Acanthodii. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 46: 233-255.
  • Miles, R.S. 1968. Jaw articulation and suspension in Acanthodes and their significance. Nobel Symposium 4: 109-127.
  • Miles, R.S. 1973. Relationships of acanthodians. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson (editors), Interrelationships of fishes: 63- 103. London: Academic Press.
  • Miller, R.F., R. Cloutier, and S. Turner. 2003. The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period. Nature 425: 501-504.
  • Moy-Thomas, J.A. 1936. On the structure and affinity of the Carboniferous cochliodont Helodus simplex. Geological Magazine 73: 488-503.
  • Moy-Thomas, J.A., and R.S. Miles. 1971. Palaeozoic fishes. Philadelphia: Saunders.
  • Nielsen, E. 1942. Studies on Triassic fishes from East Greenland. 1. Glaucolepis and Boreosomus. Meddelelser om Gronland 138: 1-403.
  • Norris, H.W., and S.P. Hughes. 1920. The cranial, occipital and anterior spinal nerves of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Journal of Comparative Neurology 31: 293-402.
  • Northcutt, R.G., and W.E. Bemis. 1993. Cranial nerves of the coelacanth Latimeria (Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) and comparisons with other Craniata. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 42(suppl. 1): 1-76.
  • Oelofsen, B.W. 1986. A fossil shark neurocranium from the Permo-Carboniferous (lowermost Ecca Formation) of South Africa. In T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Taniuchi, and K. Matsuura (editors), Indo-Pacific fish biology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific Fishes: 107-124. Tokyo: Ichthyological Society of Japan.
  • P'an, K., and S.T. Wang. 1978. Devonian Agnatha and Pisces of South China. In Symposium on the Devonian System of South China: 299-333. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. [in Chinese]
  • Parker, T.J. 1887. Notes on Carcharodon rondeletii. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 1887: 27-40.
  • Patterson, C. 1975. The braincase of pholidophorid and leptolepid fishes, with a review of the actinopterygian braincase. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B269: 275-579.
  • Patterson, C. 1982. Morphological characters and homology. In K.A. Joysey, and A.E. Friday (editors), problems of phylogenetic reconstruction: 21-74. London: Academic Press.
  • Rayner, D.H. 1951. On the cranial structure of an early palaeoniscid, Kentuckia gen. nov. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62: 58-83.
  • Retzius, G. 1881. Das Gehororgan der Wirbelthiere. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Samson and Wallin.
  • Romer, A.S. 1964. The braincase of the Palaeozoic shark Tamiobatis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University 131: 89-105.
  • Rosen, D.E., P.E. Forey, B.G. Gardiner, and C. Patterson. 1981. Lungfishes, tetrapods, paleontology and parsimony. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 167: 159-276.
  • Schaeffer, B. 1967. Comments on elasmobranch evolution. In P.W. Gilbert, R.F. Mathewson, and D.P. Rall (editors), Sharks, skates and rays: 3- 35. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Schaeffer, B. 1971. The braincase of the holostean fish Macrepistius, with comments on neurocranial ossification in the Actinopterygii. American Museum Novitates 2459: 1-34.
  • Schaeffer, B. 1975. Comments on the origin and basic radiation of the gnathostome fishes with particular reference to the feeding mechanism. Colloque International Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 218: 101-109.
  • Schaeffer, B. 1981. The xenacanth shark neurocranium, with comments on elasmobranch monophyly. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 169: 3-66.
  • Sequeira, S.E.K., and M.I. Coates. 2000. Reassessment of ''Cladodus'' neilsoni Traquair: a primitive shark from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kilbride, Scotland. Palaeontology 43: 153-172.
  • Sewertzoff, A.N. 1899. Die Entwickelung des Selachierschadels. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der korrelativen Entwickelung. Festschrift Carl von Kuppfer. Jena: Fischer.
  • Sewertzoff, A.N., and J. Disler. 1924. Das Pharyngomandibulare der Selachier. Anatomischer Anzeiger 58: 345-349.
  • Shirai, S. 1992. Squalean phylogeny: a new framework of ''squaloid'' sharks and related taxa. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1927. The Downtonian and Devonian vertebrates of Spitzbergen, 1. Family Cephalaspidae. Skrifter om Svalbard og Nordishavet 12: 1-391.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1937. Notes on the endocranium of a Devonian Cladodus. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Uppsala 27: 128-144.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1950. La cavite labyrinthique, l'ossification sclerotique et l'orbite de Jagori- na. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 21: 9-1.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1963a. Anatomical studies of the arthrodiran head. 1. Preface, geological and geographical distribution, the organisation of the arthrodires, the anatomy of the head in the Dolichothoraci, Coccosteomorphi and Pachyosteomorphi. Taxonomic appendix. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 9: 1- 419.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1963b. The brain and the cranial nerves in fossil, lower craniate vertebrates. Skrifter av Det norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo 1, N.S. 13: 5-120.
  • Stensio¨, E. 1969. Elasmobranchiomorphi; Placodermata; Arthrodires. In J. Piveteau (editor), Traite de paleontologie 4(2): 71-92. Paris: Masson.
  • Summers, A.P. 2000. Stiffening the stingray skeleton-an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea, Myliobatidae). Journal of Morphology 243: 113- 126.
  • Swinnerton, H.H. 1902. A contribution to the morphology of the teleostomian head skeleton, based upon a study of the developing skull in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 45: 503-593.
  • Torrey, T.W. 1962. Morphogenesis of the vertebrates. New York: Wiley.
  • Traquair, R.H. 1884. Description of a fossil shark (Ctenacanthus costellatus) from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Eskdale, Dumfriesshire. Geological Magazine 3: 3-8.
  • Traquair, R.H. 1898. On Cladodus neilsoni (Traquair) from the Carboniferous Limestone of East Kilbride. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 11: 41-50.
  • Wang, N.Z. 1991. Two new Silurian galeaspids (jawless craniates) from Zhejiang Province, China, with a discussion of galeaspid-gnathostome relationships. In M.M. Chang, Y.H. Liu, and G.R. Zhang (editors), Early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology: 41- 65. Beijing: Science Press.
  • Watson, D.M.S. 1937. The acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 228(549): 49-146.
  • Wijhe, J. W. van. 1922. Fruhe Entwickelungsstudien des Kopf- und Rumpfskeletts von Acanthias vulgaris. Bijdragen tot der Dierkunde 22: 271-298.
  • Williams, M.E. 1985. The ''cladodont level'' sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica, Stuttgart (A) 190: 83-158.
  • Williams, M.E. 1998. A new specimen of Tamiobatis vetustus (Chondrichthyes, Ctenacanthoidea) from the late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(2): 251-260.
  • Wolfram, K.E. 1984. The functional anatomy of the jaw suspension of Notorynchus cepedianus (Chondrichthyes, Selachii), with application to fossil forms. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Nebraska. 249 pp.
  • Woodward, A.S. 1889. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum (Natural History).
  • Young, G.C. 1979. New information on the structure and relationships of Buchanosteus (Placodermi, Euarthrodira) from the early Devonian of New South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 66: 309-352.
  • Young, G.C. 1980. A new early Devonian placoderm from New South Wales, Australia, with a discussion of placoderm phylogeny. Palaeontographica, Stuttgart (A) 167: 10-76.
  • Young, G.C. 1986. The relationships of placoderm fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 88: 1-57.
  • Young, J.Z. 1981. The life of vertebrates, 3rd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Yu, X. 1998. A new porolepiform-like fish, Psarolepis romeri, gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 261-274.
  • Zangerl, R. 1973. Interrelationships of early chondrichthyans. In P.H. Greenwood, R.S. Miles, and C. Patterson (editors), Interrelationships of fishes: 1-14. London: Academic Press.
  • Zangerl, R. 1990. Two new stethacanthid sharks (Stethacanthidae, Symmoriida) from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana, U.S.A. Palaeontographica, Stuttgart (A) 213: 115-141.
  • Zangerl, R., and G.R. Case. 1976. Cobelodus aculeatus (Cope), an anacanthous shark from Pennsylvanian black shales of North America. Palaeontographica, Stuttgart (A) 154: 107-157.
  • Zangerl, R., and M. E. Williams. 1975. New evidence on the nature of the jaw suspension in Palaeozoic anacanthous sharks. Palaeontology 18(2): 333-341.
  • Zhu, M., X. Yu, and P. Ahlberg. 2001. A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk. Nature 410: 81-84.