Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published August 28, 2009 | Version v1
Journal article Open

The Perinate Skull of Byronosaurus (Troodontidae) with Observations on the Cranial Ontogeny of Paravian Theropods

Creators

Description

Bever, Gabe S., Norell, Mark A. (2009): The Perinate Skull of Byronosaurus (Troodontidae) with Observations on the Cranial Ontogeny of Paravian Theropods. American Museum Novitates 3657: 1-52, DOI: 10.1206/650.1, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/650.1

Files

source.pdf

Files (20.9 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:1ce8c2439b9bba0bed66dfb0fdba4276
20.9 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFE8C243FF9BBA0BED66FFB0FFBA4276
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFE8C243FF9BBA0BED66FFB0FFBA4276

Has part
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1BA3BFFB0BA27ED89F9C0FC114454 (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357564 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357566 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357568 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357570 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357572 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357574 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357576 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357578 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357580 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357582 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357584 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357586 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357588 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357590 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357592 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357594 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357596 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357599 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357601 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357603 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5357605 (DOI)

References

  • Albrecht, P., S.J. Gould, G.F. Oster, and D.B. Wake. 1979. Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5: 296-317.
  • Averianov, A.O., and H.-D. Sues. 2007. A new troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan, with a review of troodontid records from the territories of the former Soviet Union. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 87-98.
  • Baird, I.L. 1970. The anatomy of the reptilian ear. In: C. Gans and T.S. Parsons (editors), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 2. Morphology B: 193-275. London: Academic Press.
  • Balanoff, A.M., G.S. Bever, and T. Ikejiri. In press. Endocranial morphology of Apatosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) based on computed tomography of a previously undescribed braincase with comments on variation and evolution in sauropod neuroanatomy. American Museum Novitates.
  • Balanoff, A.M., M.A. Norell, G. Grellet-Tinner, and M.R. Lewin. 2008. Digital preparation of a probable neoceratopsian preserved within an egg, with comments on microstructural anatomy of ornithischian eggshells. Naturwissenschaften 95: 493-500.
  • Balanoff, A.M., and T. Rowe. 2007. Osteological description of an embryonic skeleton of the extinct elephant bird, Aepyornis (Palaeognathae: Ratitae). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 9: 1-53.
  • Barsbold, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica 30: 5-22.
  • Barsbold, R. 1983. Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovmestnaya Sovyetsko-Mongolskaya Paleontologicheskayea Ekspeditsiya Trudy 19: 1-117. [in Russian]
  • Barsbold, R., and H. Osmolska. 1999. The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44: 189-219.
  • Barsbold, R., H. Osmolska, and S. Kurzanov. 1987. On a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32: 121-132, pls. 49- 52.
  • Baumel, J.J., and L.M. Witmer. 1993. Osteologia. In: J.J. Baumel (editor), Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 23: 133-188.
  • Bellairs, A.D'A., and A.M. Kamal. 1981. The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles. In: C. Gans and T.S. Parsons (editors), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 11. Morphology F: 1-263. London: Academic Press.
  • Bever, G.S. 2009. The postnatal skull of the extant North American turtle Pseudemys texana (Cryptodira: Emydidae), with comments on the study of discrete intraspecific variation. Journal of Morphology 270: 97-128.
  • Brochu, C.A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1-138.
  • Carr, T.D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497-520.
  • Chiappe, L.M., S.-A. Ji, Q. Ji, and M.A. Norell. 1999. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 242: 1-89.
  • Chure, D.J., and J.H.J. Madsen. 1996. Variation in aspects of the tympanic pneumatic system in a population of Allosaurus fragilis from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 63-66.
  • Clark, J.M., M.A. Norell, and P.J. Makovicky. 2002. Cladistic approaches to the relationships of birds to other theropod dinosaurs. In: L.M. Chiappe and L. Witmer (editors), Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs: 31-64. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Clark, J.M., A. Perle, and M.A. Norell. 1994. The skull of Erlicosaurus [sic] andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous ''segnosaur'' (Theropoda: Therizinosauridae) from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3115: 1-39.
  • Clark, J.M., J. Welman, J.A. Gauthier, and J.M. Parrish. 1993. The laterosphenoid bone in early archosauriforms. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 48-57.
  • Colbert, E.H., and D.A. Russell. 1969. The small Cretaceous dinosaur Dromaeosaurus. American Museum Novitates 2380: 1-49.
  • Coombs, W.P., Jr. 1982. Juvenile specimens of the ornithischian dinosaurs Psittacosaurus. Palaeontology 25: 89-107.
  • Currie, P.J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 1643-1658.
  • Currie, P.J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 72-81.
  • Currie, P.J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 576-591.
  • Currie, P.J. 1997. Braincase anatomy. In: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (editors), Encyclopedia of dinosaurs: 81-85. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Currie, P.J. 2000. Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In: M.J. Benton, M.A. Shiskin, D.M. Unwin and E.N. Kurochkin (editors), The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia: 434-455. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Currie, P.J., and Z. Dong. 2001. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1753-1766.
  • Currie, P.J., S.J. Godfrey, and L. Nessov. 1993. New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2255-2272.
  • Currie, P.J., K. Rigby, Jr., and R.E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: K. Carpenter and P.J. Currie (editors), Dinosaur systematics: approaches and perspectives: 107-125. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Currie, P.J., and X.-J. Zhao. 1993. A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2231-2247.
  • Dal Sasso, C., and M. Signore. 1998. Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy. Nature 392: 383-387.
  • de Beer, G.R. 1937. Development of the vertebrate skull. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 554 pp, 143 pls.
  • Dingus, L., D.B. Loope, D. Dashzeveg, C.C. SwisherIII., C. Minjin, M.J. Novacek, and M.A. Norell. 2008. The geology of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3616: 1-40.
  • Dong, Z.-M., and P.J. Currie. 1996. On the discovery of an oviraptorid skeleton on a nest of eggs at Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 631-636.
  • Edinger, T. 1942. The pituitary body in giant animals fossil and living: a survey and a suggestion. Quarterly Review of Biology 17: 31-45.
  • Elzanowski, A. 1991. New observations on the skull of Hesperornis with reconstructions of the bony palate and otic region. Postilla 207: 1-20.
  • Elzanowski, A., and P. Wellnhofer. 1992. A new link between theropods and birds from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 359: 821-823.
  • Elzanowski, A., and P. Wellnhofer. 1993. Skull of Archaeornithoides from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Journal of Science 293: 235-252.
  • Elzanowski, A., and P. Wellnhofer. 1996. Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 81-94.
  • Emerson, S.B., and D.M. Bramble. 1993. Scaling, allometry, and skull design. In: J. Hanken and B.K. Hall (editors), The skull. Vol. 3. Functional and evolutionary mechanisms: 384-416. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Fink, W.L. 1982. The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 8: 254-264.
  • Forster, C.A., S.D. Sampson, L.M. Chiappe, and D.W. Krause. 1998. The theropodan ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 279: 1915-1919.
  • Gauthier, J.A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: K. Padian (editor), The origin of birds and the evolution of flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8: 1-55.
  • Goodwin, M.B., W.A. Clemens, J.R. Horner, and K. Padian. 2006. The smallest known Triceratops skull: new observations on cera- topsid cranial anatomy and ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 103-112.
  • Gower, D.J., and E. Weber. 1998. The braincase of Euparkeria, and the evolutionary relationships of birds and crocodilians. Biological Reviews 73: 367-411.
  • Hall, P.M., and K.M. Portier. 1994. Cranial morphometry of New Guinea crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae): ontogenetic variation in relative growth of the skull and assessment of its utility as a predictor of the sex and size of individuals. Herpetological Monographs 8: 203-225.
  • Hauser, G., and G.F. de Stefano. 1989. Epigenetic variants of the human skull. Stuttgart: Schwizerbart, 301 pp.
  • Holtz, T.R., Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1100-1117.
  • Horner, J.R., and P.J. Currie. 1994. Embryonic and neonatal morphology and ontogeny of a new species of Hypacrosaurus (Ornithischia, Lambeosauridae) from Montana and Alberta. In: K. Carpenter, K.F. Hirsch and J.R. Horner (editors), Dinosaur eggs and babies: 312-337. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hwang, S.H., M.A. Norell, Q. Jin, and K. Gao. 2004. A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 13-30.
  • Iordansky, N.N. 1973. The skull of the Crocodilia. In: C. Gans and T.S. Parsons (editors), Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 4. Morphology D: 201-262. London: Academic Press.
  • Jones, D.C., and R.Z. German. 2005. Variation in ontogeny. In: B. Hallgrimsson and B.K. Hall (editors), Variation: a central concept in biology: 71-85. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Kundrat, M., A.R.I. Cruickshank, T.W. Manning, and J. Nudds. 2008. Embryos of therizinosauroid theropods from the upper Cretaceous of China: diagnosis and analysis of ossification patterns. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 88: 231-251.
  • Kurzanov, S.M. 1976. Braincase structure in the carnosaur Itemirus n. gen. and some aspects of the cranial anatomy of dinosaurs. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 1976: 127-137. [in Russian]
  • Loope, D.B., L. Dingus, C.C. Swisher, III, and C. Minjin. 1998. Life and death in a Late Cretaceous dunefield, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia. Geology 26: 27-30.
  • Madsen, J.H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 109: 1-163.
  • Makovicky, P.J., S. Apesteguia, and F.L. Agnolin. 2005. The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America. Nature 437: 1007-1011.
  • Makovicky, P.J., and M.A. Norell. 2004. Troodontidae. In: D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria: 184-195. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Makovicky, P.J., M.A. Norell, J.M. Clark, and T. Rowe. 2003. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). American Museum Novitates 3402: 1-32.
  • Mateus, I., H. Mateus, M.T. Antunes, O. Mateus, P. Taquet, V. Ribeiro, and G. Manuppella. 1997. Couvee, oeufs et embryons d'un Dinosaure Theropode du Jurassique de Lourinha (Portugal). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie 2 Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 325: 71-78.
  • Mikhailov, K., K. Sabath, and S. Kurzanov. 1994. Eggs and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In: K. Carpenter, K.F. Hirsch and J.R. Horner (editors), Dinosaur eggs and babies: 88-115. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Monteiro, L.R., M.J. Cavalcanti, and H.J.S. SommerIII.. 1997. Comparative ontogenetic shape changes in the skull of caiman species (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Journal of Morphology 231: 53-62.
  • Muller, H.J. 1961. Die Morphologie und Entwicklung des Craniums von Rhea americana Linne´. 1. Das knorpelige Neurocranium. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 165: 221-319.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, and L.M. Chiappe. 2001a. An embryonic oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3315: 1-17.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, L.M. Chiappe, and D. Dashzeveg. 1995. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378: 774-776.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, D. Dashzeveg, R. Barsbold, L.M. Chiappe, A.R. Davidson, M.C. McKenna, P. Altangerel, and M.J. Novacek. 1994. A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs dinosaur eggs. Science 266: 779-782.
  • Norell, M.A., J.M. Clark, and P.J. Makovicky. 2001b. Relationships among Maniraptora: problems and prospects. In: J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: 49-67. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Norell, M.A., J.A. Clark, A.H. Turner, P.J. Makovicky, R. Barsbold, and T. Rowe. 2006. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3545: 1-51.
  • Norell, M.A., P.J. Makovicky, and J. Clark. 2000. A new troodontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 7-11.
  • Norell, M.A., P.J. Makovicky, and J.M. Clark. 2004. The braincase of Velociraptor. In: P.J. Currie, E.B. Koppelhus, M.A. Shugar and J.L. Wright (editors), Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds: 133-143. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Norell, M.A., P.J. Makovicky, G.S. Bever, A.M. Balanoff, J.M. Clark, R. Barsbold, and T. Rowe. 2009. A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda). American Museum Novitates 36TK: 1-TK.
  • Novacek, M.J., M. Norell, M.C. McKenna, and J. Clark. 1994. Fossils of the Flaming Cliffs. Scientific American 271: 60-69.
  • Osborn, H.F. 1924. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144: 1-12.
  • Osmolska, H., and R. Barsbold. 1990. Troodontidae. In: D. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria: 148-150. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Osmolska, H., E. Roniewicz, and R. Barsbold. 1972. A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 27: 103-143, pls. 29-53.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1969a. A new theropod dinosaur from the lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128: 1-17.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30: 1-165.
  • Ostrom, J.H. 1990. Dromaeosauridae. In: D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska (editors), The Dinosauria: 269-279. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Raath, M.A. 1985. The theropod Syntarsus and its bearing on the origin of birds. In: M.K. Hecht, J.H. Ostrom, G. Viohl and P. Wellnhofer (editors), The beginning of birds: 219-227. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M. 2004. Braincase structure of the middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Piatnitzkysaurus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41: 1109-1122.
  • Rauhut, O.W.M., and R. Fechner. 2005. Early development of the facial region in a non-avian theropod dinosaur. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272: 1179-1183.
  • Reisz, R.R., D. Scott, H.-D. Sues, D.C. Evans, and M.A. Raath. 2005. Embryos of an early Jurassic prosauropod dinosaur and their evolutionary significance. Science 309: 761-764.
  • Rieppel, O. 1985. The recessus scalae tympani and its bearing on the classification of reptiles. Journal of Herpetology 19: 373-384.
  • Russell, D.A. 1969. A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6: 595-612.
  • Russell, D.A., and Z.-M. Dong. 1993. A nearly complete skeleton of a troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2163-2173.
  • Sabath, K. 1991. Upper Cretaceous amniotic eggs from the Gobi Desert. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 151-192.
  • Sampson, S.D., and L.M. Witmer. 2007. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissiumus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In: S.D. Sampson and D.W. Krause (editors), Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 32-102.
  • Schwarz, D., T. Ikejiri, B.H. Breithaupt, P.M. Sander, and N. Klein. 2007. A nearly complete skeleton of an early juvenile diplodocid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the lower Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of north central Wyoming and its implications for early ontogeny and pneumaticity in sauropods. Historical Biology 19: 225-253.
  • Sereno, P.C. 2001. Alvarezsaurids: birds or ornithomimosaurs? In: J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall (editors), New perspectives on the origin and evolution of birds. Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of J.H. Ostrom: 69-98. New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1977. The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 51: 173-184.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1978. A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 381-400.
  • Tsuihiji, T. 2005. Homologies of the transversospinalis muscles in the anterior presacral region of Sauria (Crown Diapsida). Journal of Morphology 263: 151-178.
  • Turner, A.H., S.H. Hwang, and M.A. Norell. 2007a. A small derived theropod from Oosh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3557: 1-27.
  • Turner, A.H., D. Pol, J.A. Clarke, G.M. Erickson, and M.A. Norell. 2007b. A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceeding avian flight. Science 317: 1378-1381.
  • Varricchio, D.J. 1997a. Growth and embryology. In: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (editors), Encylopedia of dinosaurs: 282-288. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Varricchio, D.J. 1997b. Troodontidae. In: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (editors), Encyclopedia of dinosaurs: 749-754. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Varricchio, D.J., J.R. Horner, and F.D. Jackson. 2002. Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 564-576.
  • Walker, A.D. 1985. The braincase of Archaeopteryx. In: M.K. Hecht, J.H. Ostrom, H. Viohl and P. Wellnhofer (editors), The beginnings of birds: 123-134. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt.
  • Walker, A.D. 1990. A revision of Sphenosuchus acutus Haughton, a crocodylomorph reptile from the Elliot Formation (Late Triassic or Early Jurassic) of South Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 330: 1-120.
  • Wellnhofer, P. 1993. Das siebte Exemplar von Archaeopteryx aus den Solnhofer Schichten. Archaeopteryx 11: 1-47.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1990. The craniofacial air sac system of Mesozoic birds (Aves). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 327-378.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1995. Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae. Journal of Morphology 225: 269-327.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1997a. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3: 1-73.
  • Witmer, L.M. 1997b. Craniofacial air sinus systems. In: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (editors), Encyclopedia of dinosaurs: 151-159. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Xu, X., and M.A. Norell. 2004. A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture. Nature 431: 838-841.
  • Xu, X., M.A. Norell, X.-L. Wang, P.J. Makovicky, and X.-C. Wu. 2002. A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415: 780-784.
  • Xu, X., X.-L. Wang, and H.-L. You. 2001. A juvenile ankylosaur from China. Naturwissenschaften 88: 297-300.