Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published December 31, 2001 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Digenea) in Mexico: a review of species and new host and geographical records

Creators

Description

Scholz, T., Aguirre-Macedo, M. L., Salgado-Maldonado, G. (2001): Trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Digenea) in Mexico: a review of species and new host and geographical records. Journal of Natural History 35 (12): 1733-1772, DOI: 10.1080/00222930152667087, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930152667087

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:6F48FFDFFFF00A1B3B03D4143E4C0E78
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/6F48FFDFFFF00A1B3B03D4143E4C0E78

Has part
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.5275721 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFF60A1C3A47D7DC3D640C4D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFF70A123A35D64F3E950EBA (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.5275723 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFF90A123A34D4FD3C780BDB (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFF90A163A45D1DE3C760A78 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFFD0A143A32D03C3A550B67 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFFF0A083A9AD1533F1E0BD4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.5275725 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE30A0E3A41D1C73A550BBA (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.5275727 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE50A0E3A09D1FD3CB10805 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE60A0D3B85D47F3FB50A18 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE60A033A46D09C3FF00EDB (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.5275729 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE80A023AA5D4DF3A550CF9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFE90A003A49D6BE3F770F58 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFEB0A003A52D5523DFA0AF3 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFEF0A3A3A6CD47F3DE80A75 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD10A383A3BD0203A550CD9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD30A383B9ED0BC3DDF0BA6 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD30A383A41D2123F4B0805 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD40A3F3A1BD47F3DF20EBB (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD40A3F3A1BD4FF3A550F3B (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD40A3F3A65D57E3C7F0C1A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/937187A7FFD40A3E3A36D69E3D090F7B (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275924 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275926 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275928 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275930 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275932 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275934 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275936 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275938 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275940 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275942 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275944 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5275946 (DOI)

References

  • AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L. and GARCIAA-MAGAN~ A, L., 1994, Metacercarias de coAclidos nativos del Sureste de MeAxico; taxonomoAa y claves para su reconocimiento, Universidad y Ciencia, 11, 5±35.
  • AMAYA-HUERTA, D., 1995, Algunos aspectos de la transmisioAn y dispersioAn de Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Centrocestinae) en el Estado de Morelos, MeAxico. MSc thesis, Faculty of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ), Mexico, 119 pp.
  • AMAYA-HUERTA, D. and ALMEYDA-ARTIGAS, J., 1994, Con®rmation of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) Price, 1932 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in Mexico, Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 54, 99±103.
  • ARIZMENDI, M. A., 1992, DescripcioAn de algunas etapas larvarias y de la fase adulta de Centrocestus formosanus de Tezontepec de Aldama, Hidalgo, Anales del Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad AutoAnoma de MeAxico, Serie ZoologoAa, 63, 1±11.
  • BRAVO-HOLLIS, M., 1966, Reporte de Galactosomum pu ni Yamaguti, 1941, tremaAtodo con nueva localidad y nuevo hospedador, Anales del Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad AutoAnoma de MeAxico, Serie ZoologoAa, 37, 125±128.
  • BURTON, P. R., 1956, Morphology of Ascocotyle leighi, n. sp. (Heterophyidae), an avian trematode with metacercaria restricted to the conus arteriosus of the ®sh, Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur, Journal of Parasitology, 42, 540±543.
  • BURTON, P. R., 1958, A review of the taxonomy of the trematode genera Ascocotyle (Looss) and Phagicola (Faust) of the family Heterophyidae, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 117±122.
  • CHIEFFI, P. P., GORLA, M. C. O., TORRES, D. M. A. G. V., DIAS, R. M. D. S., MANGINI, A. C. S., MONTEIRO, A. V., WOJCIECHOWSKI, E., VIERIA TORRES, M. A. G. and SOUZA DIAS, R. M. D., 1992, Human infection by Phagicola sp. (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in the municipality of Registro, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95, 346± 348.
  • CONTI, J. A., FORRESTER, D. J. and PAUL, R. T., 1986, Parasites and diseases of reddish egrets (Egretta rufescens) from Texas and Florida, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 105, 79±82.
  • DITRICH, O., SCHOLZ, T., AGUIRRE-MACEDO, L. and VARGAS-VAA ZQUEZ, J. 1997, Larval stages of trematodes from freshwater molluscs of the YucataAn Peninsula, Mexico, Folia Parasitologica, 44, 109±127.
  • DRONEN, N. O., 1985, Digenetic trematodes from the roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, from the Texas Gulf Coast, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 104, 261±265.
  • ERGENS, R., 1969, The suitability of ammonium picrate-glycerin in preparing slides of lower Monogenoidea, Folia Parasitologica, 16, 320.
  • FONT, W. F., HEARD, R. W. and OVERSTREET, R. M., 1984a, Life cycle of Ascocotyle gemina n. sp., a sibling species of A. sexidigita (Digenea: Heterophyidae), Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 103, 392±407.
  • FONT, W. F., OVERSTREET, R. M. and HEARD, R. W., 1984b, Taxonomy and biology of Phagicola nana (Digenea: Heterophyidae), Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 103, 408±422.
  • HUTTON, R. F., 1964, A second list of parasites from marine and coastal animals of Florida, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 83, 439±447.
  • HUTTON, R. F. and SOGANDARES-BERNAL, F., 1959, Further notes on Trematoda encysted in Florida mullets, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 21, 329± 334.
  • HUTTON, R. F. and SOGANDARES-BERNAL, F., 1960, Studies on helminth parasites from the coast of Florida. II. Digenetic trematodes from shore birds of the west coast of Florida, Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 10, 40±54.
  • IRUEGAS, B. F., JAIMENEZ, G. F. and GUAJARDO, M. G., 1983, Monitoreo de helmintos paraAsitos de peces de roAo PesqueroAa en el estado de Nuevo LeoAn, MeAxico. ResuAmenes del VII Congreso Nacional de ZoologoAa. Sociedad Mexicana de ZoologoAa, Jalapa, Veracruz. (Cited after PeArez-Ponce de LeoAn et al., 1996).
  • JIMEANEZ-GARCIAA, I., 1993, Fauna helmintoloAgica de Cichlasoma fenestratum (Pisces: Cichlidae) del lago de Catemaco, Veracruz, MeAxico, Anales del Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad AutoAnoma de MeAxico, Serie ZoologoAa, 64, 75±78.
  • LAMOTHE-ARGUMEDO, R., GARCIAA-PRIETO, L., OSORIO-SARABIA, D. and PEAREZ-PONCE DE LEOA N, G., 1997, CataAlogo de la coleccioAn nacional de helmintos. Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico, MeAxico, D.F., 211 pp.
  • LEIGH, W. H., 1974, Life history of Ascocotyle mcintoshi Price, 1936 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae), Journal of Parasitology, 60, 768±772.
  • LOOSS, A., 1896, Recherche sur la faune parasitaire de l'E Agypte. PremieAre partie, Memoires de l'Institut EAgyptien, 3, 1±252.
  • LOA PEZ-JIMEANEZ, S., 1987, Enfermedades maAs frecuentes de las carpas cultivadas en MeAxico, AcuavisioAn, Revista Mexicana de Acualcultura, 2(9), 11±13.
  • LUMSDEN, R. D., 1963, A new heterophyid trematode of the Ascocotyle complex of species encysted in poeciliid and cyprinodont ®shes of southeast Texas, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 30, 293±296.
  • MANFREDI, M. T. and ONETO, M., 1997, Phagicola longa (Heterophyidae) in dogs from Chile: morphological ®ndings and taxonomical problems. Parasitologia, 39, 9±11.
  • MARTIN, W. E., 1950a , Euhaplorchis californiensis n. g., n. sp., Heterophyidae, Trematoda, with notes on its life-cycle, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 69, 194±209.
  • MARTIN, W. E., 1950b, Phocitremoides ovale n. g., n. sp. (Opisthorchiidae), with observations on its life cycle, Journal of Parasitology, 36, 552± 558.
  • MARTIN, W. E. and STEELE, D. F., 1970, Ascocotyle sexidigita sp. n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) with notes on its life cycle, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 101±104.
  • MILLER, G. C. and HARKEMA, R., 1962, Studies on helminths of North Carolina vertebrates. II. Ascocotyle ampullacea sp. n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the raccoon, Journal of Parasitology, 48, 426±428.
  • OSTROWSKI DE NUA N~ EZ, M., 1974, Estudio sobre estados larvales de trematodes digeAneos de peces Cyprinodontiformes. Physis, SeccioAn B, Buenos Aires, 33, 45±61.
  • OSTROWSKI DE NUA NEZ ~ , M., 1976, Fauna de agua dulce en la RepuAblica Argentina. IV. Las cercarias de Ascocotyle (A.) tenuicollis Price 1935 y de Pygidiopsis pindoramensis Travassos 1929 (Trematoda, Heterophyidae). Physis, SeccioAn B, Buenos Aires, 35, 51±57.
  • OSTROWSKI DE NUA NEZ ~ , M., 1992, Life history studies of heterophyid trematodes in the Neotropical region: Ascocotyle (Leighia) hadra sp. n. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 87, 539±543.
  • OSTROWSKI DE NUA N~ EZ, M., 1993, Life-history studies of heterophyid trematodes in the Neotropical Region: Ascocotyle (Phagicola) diminuta (Stunkard and Haviland, 1924 ) and A. (P.) angrense Travassos, 1916, Systematic Parasitology, 24, 191±199.
  • OSTROWSKI DE NUA N~ EZ, M., 1996, Life history studies of heterophyid trematodes in the Neotropical region: Pygidiopsis australis sp. n., a sibling species of P. pindoramensis Travassos, 1929, Acta Parasitologica, 41, 13±19.
  • PEARSON, J. C., 1964, A revision of the subfamily Haplorchinae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). I. The Haplorchis group, Parasitology, 54, 601±676.
  • PEARSON, J. C., 1973, A revision of the subfamily Haplorchinae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). II. Genus Galactosomum, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Serie B, 266, 341±446.
  • PEAREZ-PONCE DE LEOAN, G., GARCIAA-PRIETO, L., OSORIO-SARABIA, D. and LEOAN-REGAGNON, V., 1996, Listados faunoAsticos de MeAxico. VI. Helmintos paraAsitos de peces de aguas continentales de MeAxico (MeAxico: Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico), 100 pp.
  • PRICE, E. W., 1932, Some new trematodes of the family Heterophyidae, Journal of Parasitology, 19, 166±167.
  • PRICE, E. W., 1935, Descriptions of some heterophyid trematodes of the subfamily Centrocestinae, Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 2, 70±73.
  • PRICE, E. W., 1936, A new heterophyid trematode of the genus Ascocotyle (Centrocestinae), Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 31±32.
  • RANSOM, B. H., 1920, Synopsis of the trematode family Heterophyidae with descriptions of a new genus and ®ve new species, Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 57, 527±573.
  • RIETSCHEL, G. and WERDING, B., 1978, Trematodes of birds from northern Colombia, Zeitschrift fuEr Parasitenkunde, 57, 57±82.
  • ROBINSON, E. J. Jr., 1956, Two ¯ukes, Phagicola macrostomus n. sp. and Phagicola byrdi n. sp. from the turkey vulture (Heterophyidae), Journal of Parasitology, 42, 326±329.
  • SALGADO-MALDONADO, G. and AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., 1991, Metacercarias paraAsitas de Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Cichilidae [sic!]) Pelaezia loossi n. comb. y Phagicola angrense con descripcioAn de adultos recuperados experimentalmente, Anales del Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad AutoAnoma de MeAxico, Serie ZoologoAa, 62, 391± 407.
  • SALGADO-MALDONADO, G. and KENNEDY, C. R., 1997, Richness and similarity of helminth communities in the tropical cichlid ®sh Cichlasoma urophthalmus from the YucataAn Peninsula, Mexico, Parasitology, 114, 581±590.
  • SALGADO-MALDONADO, G., PINEDA-LOA PEZ, R., VIDAL-MARTIANEZ, V. M. and KENNEDY, C. R., 1997, A checklist of metazoan parasites of cichlid ®sh from Mexico, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 64, 195±207.
  • SALGADO-MALDONADO, G., VARGAS-RODRIAGUEZ, M. I. and CAMPOS-PEAREZ, J. J., 1995, Metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924 ) (Trematoda) in freshwater ®shes in Mexico and its transmission by the thiarid snail Melanoides tuberculata, Studies of Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 30, 245±250.
  • SCHOLZ, T., 1999, Taxonomic study of Phagicola longa (Ransom, 1920) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) and related taxa, Systematic Parasitology, 43, 148±157.
  • SCHOLZ, T. and AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., 2000, Metacercariae of trematodes parasitizing freshwater ®sh in Mexico: a reappraisal and methods of study, in A. N. GarcoAa-Aldrete, G. Salgado-Maldonado and V. M. Vidal-MartoAnez (eds) Metazoan Parasites in the Neotropic: Ecological, Taxonomic and Evolutionar y Perspectives. Commemorativ e Volume of the 70th Anniversary of the Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico (MeAxico: Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico), 85±99.
  • SCHOLZ, T., AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., SABAS FLORES DAIAZ DE LEOA N, A. T. and DITRICH, O., 2000, Larval stages of trematodes in freshwater molluscs of Mexico: a review of present state and methodology for future research, in A. N. GarcoAa-Aldrete, G. Salgado- Maldonado and V. M. Vidal-MartoAnez (eds) Metazoan Parasites in the Neotropic: Ecological, Taxonomic and Evolutionary Perspectives. Commemorative Volume of the 70th Anniversary of the Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico (MeAxico: Instituto de BiologoAa, Universidad Nacional AutoAnoma de MeAxico), 61±84.
  • SCHOLZ, T. and HANZELOVAA, V., 1998, Tapeworms of the Genus Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), Parasites of Fishes in Europe. Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Academia Praha, 2/98, 119 pp.
  • SCHOLZ, T. and SALGADO-MALDONADO, V., 2000, The dispersion and distribution of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) ( Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Mexico: a review, American Midland Naturalist, 143, 185±200.
  • SCHOLZ, T. and VARGAS-VAAZQUEZ, J., 1998, Trematodes parasitizing ®shes of the Rio Hondo river and freshwater lakes of Quintana Roo, Mexico, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 65, 91±95.
  • SCHOLZ, T., VARGAS-VAA ZQUEZ, J., AGUIRRE-MACEDO, L. and VIDAL-MARTIANEZ, V. M., 1997a, Species of Ascocotyle Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from the YucataAn Peninsula, Mexico, Systematic Parasitology, 36, 161± 181.
  • SCHOLZ, T., VARGAS-VAA ZQUEZ,J., MORAVEC,F., VIVAS-RODRIAGUEZ, C. and MENDOZA- FRANCO, E., 1995, Metacercariae of trematodes of ®shes from cenotes (sinkholes) of the YucataAn Peninsula, Mexico, Folia Parasitologica, 42, 173±192.
  • SCHOLZ, T., VARGAS-VAA ZQUEZ, J., VIDAL-MARTIANEZ V. M. and AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., 1997b, Ascocotyle nunezae n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae), and notes on its life-cycle, Journal of Parasitology, 83, 141±147.
  • SCHROEDER, R. E. and LEIGH, W. H., 1965, The life history of Ascocotyle pachycystis sp. n., a trematode (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from the raccoon in south Florida, Journal of Parasitology, 51, 594± 599.
  • SEPUA LVEDA, M. S., SPALDING, M. G., KINSELLA, J. M., BJORK, R. D. and MCLAUGHLIN, G. S., 1994, Helminths of the roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, in southern Florida, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 61, 179±189.
  • SEPUA LVEDA, M. S., SPALDING, M. G., KINSELLA, J. M. and FORRESTER, D. J., 1996, Parasitic helminths of the little blue heron, Egretta caerulea, in southern Florida, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 63, 136±140.
  • SEPUA LVEDA, M. S., SPALDING, M. G., KINSELLA, J. M. and FORRESTER, D. J., 1999, Parasites of the great egret (Ardea albus) and a review of the helminths reported for the species, Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 66, 7±13.
  • SOGANDARES-BERNAL, F. and BRIDGMAN, J. F., 1960, Three Ascocotyle complex trematodes ( Heterophyidae) encysted in ®shes from Louisiana including the description of a new genus, Tulane Studies in Zoology, 8, 31±39.
  • SOGANDARES-BERNAL, F. and LUMSDEN, R. D., 1963, The generic status of the heterophyid trematodes of the Ascocotyle complex, including notes on the systematics and biology of Ascocotyle angrense Travassos, 1916, Journal of Parasitology, 49, 264±274.
  • SOGANDARES-BERNAL, F. and LUMSDEN, R. D., 1964, The heterophyid trematode Ascocotyle (A.) leighi Burton, 1956, from the hearts of certain poeciliid and cyprinodont ®shes, Zeitschrift fuEr Parasitenkunde, 24, 3±12.
  • STEIN, P. C., 1968, New intermediate ®sh hosts for the heterophyid trematodes Ascocotyle pachycystis, Ascocotyle ampullacea, and Phagicola macrostomus, Journal of Parasitology, 54, 631.
  • STUNKARD, H. W. and HAVILAND, C. B., 1924, Trematodes from the rat, American Museum Novitates, 126, 1±10.
  • STUNKARD, H. W. and UZMANN, J. R., 1955, The killi®sh, Fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode Ascocotyle (Phagicola) diminuta, Biological Bulletin, 109, 475±483.
  • TRAVASSOS, L., 1929, Revisao do genero Ascocotyle Looss, 1899, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 23, 61±97.
  • VELASQUEZ, C. C., 1982, Heterophyidiasis, in G. V. Hillyer and C. E. Hopla (eds) CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. Section C. Volume III (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), pp. 99±107.
  • VEALEZ-HERNAA NDEZ, E. M., CONSTANTINO-CASAS, F., GARCIAA-MAA RQUEZ, L. J. and OSORIO- SARABIA, D., 1998, Gill lesions in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Mexico due to the metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, Journal of Fish Diseases, 21, 229±232.
  • VIDAL-MARTIANEZ, V. M., AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., SCHOLZ, T., GONZAA LEZ-SOLIAS, D. and MENDOZA-FRANCO, E., 2000, Atlas of Helminth Parasites of Cichlid Fishes of Mexico. Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Academia Praha, in press.
  • VIDAL- MARTIANEZ, V. M., KENNEDY, C. R. and AGUIRRE-MACEDO, M. L., 1998, The structuring process of the macroparasite community of an experimental population of Cichlasoma urophthalmus through time, Journal of Helminthology, 72, 199±207.
  • YAMAGUTI, S., 1971, Synopsis of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates. Parts I, II (Tokyo: Keigaku Publishing Co.), 1074 pp. 1 347 pls.
  • YAMAGUTI, S., 1975, A Synoptical Review of Life Histories of Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates (Tokyo: Keigaku Publishing Co.), 590 pp. 1 219 pls.
  • YOSHINO, T. P., 1972, Helminth parasitism in the Paci®c killi®sh, Fundulus parvipinnis, from southern California, Journal of Parasitology, 58, 635±636.