A biophysical permafrost zonation map in the Northern Hemisphere

The biophysical permafrost zonation map was produced using a rule-based GIS model that integrated a new permafrost extent, climate conditions, vegetation structure, soil and topographic conditions, as well as a yedoma map. Different from the previous maps, permafrost in this map is classified into five types: climate-driven, climate-driven/ecosystem-modified, climate-driven/ecosystem protected, ecosystem-driven, and ecosystem-protected.  Excluding glaciers and lakes, the areas of these five types in the Northern Hemisphere are 3.66×10⁶ km², 8.06×10⁶ km², 0.62×10⁶ km², 5.79×10⁶ km², and 1.63×10⁶ km², respectively. 81% of the permafrost regions in the Northern Hemisphere are modified, driven, or protected by ecosystems, indicating the dominant role of ecosystems in permafrost stability in the Northern Hemisphere. Permafrost driven solely by climate occupies 19% of permafrost regions, mainly in High Arctic and high mountains areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.