Cyphocaris anonyx Boeck 1871

Cyphocaris anonyx Boeck, 1871

(Figs 4–8)

Cyphocaris anonyx Boeck, 1871: 104.— Boeck, 1872: 141, pl. 6 fig. 1.— Stuxberg, 1880: 62.— Sars, 1886: 39.— Hansen, 1888: 66.— Della Valle, 1893: 846 (key), 847.— Walker, 1903b: 233, pl. 18 fig. 14.— Fowler, 1904: 47.— Stebbing, 1904: 14.— Stebbing, 1906: 29.— Tattersall, 1906: 28.— Strauss, 1909: 9, 69, pl. 6 figs 39−42.— Stephensen, 1912: 613.— Stephensen, 1913: 111.— Stephensen, 1915: 37.— Chevreux, 1916: 2, 6 (key).— Stephensen, 1923: 50, chart 9.— Schellenberg, 1926a: 243.— Schellenberg, 1926b: 210, figs 2b, 5a,b, pl. 5 fig. 2.— Schellenberg, 1927: 662, fig. 57.— Pirlot, 1929: 5.— Schellenberg, 1929: 195.— K.H. Barnard, 1932: 36.— Stephensen, 1932: 354.— Pirlot, 1933: 127.— Stephensen, 1933: 4.— Chevreux, 1935: 18, 21 (key), pl. 1 figs 1, 2, pl. 4 fig. 3.— Stephensen, 1935: 42, fig. 3 (1).— K.H. Barnard, 1937: 142.— K.H. Barnard, 1940: 440.— Thorsteinson, 1941: 57 (key).— Stephensen, 1942: 470.— Shoemaker, 1945: 187, fig. 1 A, B.— Gurjanova, 1951: 177, fig. 51B.— J.L. Barnard, 1954: 53.— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1955: 212, fig. 1.— Schellenberg, 1955: 185, 191.— J.L. Barnard, 1958: 91.— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1958: 220.— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1960: 168.— Fraser, 1961: 16, 43 (appendix table 1).— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1962: 34.— Gurjanova, 1962: 65 (key), 69, fig. 9.— Kane, 1962: 298.— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1963: 83.— Hurley, 1963: 24 (key), 25.— Birstein & Vinogradov, 1964: 154.— J.L. Barnard, 1967: 55.— Brusca, 1967: 385.— O'Riordan, 1969: 32.— Sanderson, 1973: 35.— Sanger, 1974: 3, tables 2, 3.— Griffiths, 1975: 144.— Mauchline & Ballantyne, 1975: 346, 354, figs 1, 5.— Griffiths, 1976: 58 (key), fig. 32E.— Lowry & Bullock, 1976: 87.— Thurston, 1976: 367, figs 2–5, tables 2, 3, 5.— Herring, 1981: 170.— Austin, 1985: 600.— Costello et al., 1989: 32.— Vinogradov, 1990: 39.— Barnard & Karaman, 1991: 480.— Gonzalez, 1991: 58.— Palerud & Vader, 1991: 34.— Andres et al., 1992: 185 (table 1).— Gislason & Astthorsson, 1992: 221.— De Broyer & Jazdzewski, 1993: 67.— Lopes et al., 1993: 209.— Vinogradov, 1999: 1162, fig. 4.10.— Thurston, 2001: 684 (table 2).— Dauvin & Bellan-Santini, 2002: 315 (table 1).— Vinogradov, 2004: 51.— De Broyer et al., 2007: 119.

Cyphocaris micronyx Stebbing, 1888: 656, pl. 16.— Della Valle, 1893: 846 (key), 847.— Chevreux, 1900: 165, pl. 14 fig. 11.— Thurston & Allen, 1969: 358.

Not Cyphocaris micronyx.— Della Valle, 1893: pl. 60 figs 55−57 (= C. challengeri). Not Cyphocaris anonyx.— Chilton, 1912: 464, pl. 1 figs 1−4 (= C. richardi).

Type. Neotype, female, 13 mm, 7 slides, AM P.35581, south-west Greenland, North Atlantic Ocean (61°47'N 52°55'W), 3000 m, 9 July 1925, coll. S. Jensen, RV Dana (Stn 2401).

Additional material examined. 2 female specimens (1 ovigerous, 1 developing), AM P.97706, south-west Greenland (61°47'N 52°55'W), 3000 m, 9 July 1925, coll. S. Jensen, RV Dana (Stn 2401).

New Caledonia: 2 specimens (1 female with setose oostegites, 1 indeterminate), AM P.68578, off Noumea (22°03’S 167°44’E), Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl, 1830-2345 hrs, 0−800 m over bottom of ~ 2500 m, 13 May 1971, HMAS Kimbla (K4/71-11).

Coral Sea: 1 female specimen, AM P.68577, east of Cape Grenville (11°56.72’S 145°48.39’E), 2510−2523 m, epibenthic sled, 23 August 1988, coll. P. Hutchings et al., RV Franklin (Cr06/88, St. 18).

Tasman Sea: 1 female (with setose oostegites), 13.5 mm, dissected 5 slides, NMV J68156, 42 km north-west of Cape Farewell, King Island, Bass Strait (39°19’S 143°38’E), 95 m, coarse sand, carbonate, 10 October 1980, coll. G.C.B. Poore, HMAS Kimbla (stn BSS 76); 1 female, NMV J68164, 42 km north-west of Cape Farewell, King Island, Bass Strait (39°19’S 143°38’E), 95 m, coarse sand, carbonate, 10 October 1980, coll. G.C.B. Poore, HMAS Kimbla (stn BSS 76).

Neotype locality. South west Greenland, North Atlantic Ocean (61°47'N 52°55'W), 3000 m depth.

Description. Based on neotype, female, 13 mm, AM P.35581. Body smooth, without setae. Pereonite 1 conspicuously produced anterodorsally , length subequal to basal width. Head narrow, much deeper than long, eyes present; rostrum absent; lateral cephalic lobe rounded, anterodistal corner rounded. Antenna 1 length extending beyond pereonite 6; peduncular article 1 subequal to article 2–3 combined; accessory flagellum short, slender, 5 –articulate, reaching slightly beyond primary flagellum first article; primary flagellum article 1 very long, densely covered with aesthetascs, calceoli absent. Antenna 2 length longer than body (broken); calceoli absent. Lower lip unknown. Mandibles, left mandible incisor smooth, lacinia mobilis multidentate, accessory setal row with 6 setae; molar well-developed triturative; mandibular palp 3-articulate, article 1 much shorter than 2–3; article 2 posterior margin near straight, anterior margin angular, with dense row of submarginal setae, article 3 length subequal to article 2, lined with dense row of slender setae. Maxilla 1 outer plate with 10 (right) setal teeth, palp (right) broad with 7 robust dentate setae, 1 apical plumose seta and with 7 submarginal slender plumose setae; inner plate tapering distally, inner margin lined with 7 robust plumose setae. Maxilla 2 inner plate broad , triangular, with mediofacial and apical setae; outer plate with apical setae only. Maxilliped inner plate rectangular with 3 nodular apical robust setae, medial margin lined with plumose setae; outer plate subovate, apicolateral margin with long plumose setae, medial margin with 11 nodular robust setae; palp long, 4- articulate, articles 1–3 lined with long slender setae; article 1–2 length similar; article 3 shorter than article 2, surface lined with short fine setae; dactylus length 0.9 × article 3, straight, with 1 apical seta, unguis absent.

Pereon. Gnathopod 1 weakly subchelate; coxa small, subquadrate, ventrally truncate; basis long, length 5 × width; ischium broader than long; merus posteriorly produced, acute, posterior surface covered in short fine setae; carpus length 1.1 × propodus; propodus length twice width, palm margin finely serrate, with line of long robust setae; dactylus posterior margin finely serrate, without distal spine, with 3 apical slender setae. Gnathopod 2 minutely subchelate; coxa tapering ventrally, truncate ventral margin; basis straight, elongate, length 5.5 × width; ischium length 3 × width, merus length twice width; carpus 1.9 × propodus, length 2.9 × width, surface lined with short fine setae; propodus length 1.3 × width, palm margin lined with serrate setae, without palm defining corner; dactylus posterior margin distally serrate, with 1 tooth and 2 apical slender setae. Pereopods 3–4 slender, elongate. Pereopod 3 coxa not anteriorly produced ; basis slender straight; merus and carpus subequal in length; propodus 1.1 × carpus length, slightly swollen distally; dactylus recurved, length 0.6 × propodus. Pereopod 4 coxa slightly anteriorly produced, posteroventral lobe produced truncate, short. Pereopod 5 coxa smaller than coxa 4; basis posterior margin forming long spur, spur length not extending past merus , with serrate dorsal and ventral margin; merus 1.2 × carpus, length 2 × width; carpus 0.55 × propodus, length 1.9 × width; propodus length 5 × width; dactylus short length 0.5 × propodus, recurved. Pereopod 6 coxa posteriorly rounded; basis proximally broad, distally narrow, posterior margin serrate, posterodistal corner absent; merus slightly shorter than carpus, length 2.5 × width; carpus shorter than propodus, length 4 × width, propodus long, length 6 × width; dactylus slender, recurved, length 0.3 × propodus. Pereopod 7 coxa ventral margin subquadrate; basis subrectangular, posterior margin weakly convex, strongly serrate, posterior distal lobe reaching end of ischium, posterodistal corner serrate; merus 0.6 × carpus; propodus subequal to carpus length, length 6 × width; dactylus long, straight, tapering, length 0.6 × propodus.

Pleon. Pleonites 1–3 smooth. Epimeron 1 rounded. Epimera 2–3 subquadrate. Urosomite 1 with anterodorsal notch. Uropod 1 elongate, peduncle without robust setae, length 2.5 × width; outer ramus 0.6 × inner ramus length. Uropod 2 not reaching end of uropod 3; outer ramus 1.1 × inner ramus length, subequal to peduncle length, with 1 robust setae; inner ramus with 5 robust setae; rami lateral margins lined with fine setae. Uropod 3 extending beyond uropod 1 and telson ; peduncle length twice width, dorsal margin with long slender setae; rami foliaceous, inner ramus longer than outer ramus, lined with plumose swimming setae; outer ramus 2-articulate, article 1 lined with plumose setae, article 2 small, longer than wide. Telson elongate, deeply cleft to 85%, lobes tapering distally, lateral and apical margin with 4 setae.

Depth range. 0−2523 m depth.

Remarks. Based on material from south-west Greenland, a neotype is established for the type species C. anonyx from material collected in 1925. A neotype is designated for this species as C. anonyx is the type species for the genus. Stabilizing the identity of C. anonyx will support studies reporting this species across its large geographic range.

Material examined first hand in this study includes specimens from geographically distanced locations of Greenland, New Caledonia, the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea, where little variation in morphology was observed. A close examination of recently collected specimens of C. anonyx from the Tasman Sea and Noumea, the presence of an eye is confirmed for the first time in this species. Alcohol bleaching may be responsible for this character not being previously observed.

The expanded distal end of the propodus of pereopods 3 to 4 was also observed across all material attributed to C. anonyx, and is most exaggerated in larger body size specimens. This character was previously used to define C. micronyx Stebbing, 1888 as a separate Pacific Ocean species but latter refuted based on additional specimen being report from location in between the North Atlantic and Pacific (Stebbing, 1904). Based on this study we confirm the status of C. micronyx as a junior synonym of C. anonyx. In additional to the neotype material, specimens collected from the Tasman Sea are fully illustrated for future consideration.

Distribution. INDIAN OCEAN. Saya de Malha Bank, Walters Shoal, Mozambique Channel, east of Somalia, north-west of the Seychelles, Error Mountain Seamount, western Indian Ocean; central Arabian Sea; off Rodrigues Island, Mascarene Islands; Java ridge, south of Java, Moluccas, eastern Indian Ocean (K.H. Barnard 1937; Birstein & Vinogradov 1964; Vinogradov 2004).

NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Philippine Trench, east of Ryukyu Islands, Philippine Sea, Volcano Island Trench, Bonin Trench, western North Pacific Ocean; Long Point, Santa Catalina Island, Santa Barbara Passage, southern California; Cedros Trench, Punta Rompiente, Baja California; south-eastern Bering Sea, Kurile-Kamchatka Trench; north of Phoenix Islands, central Pacific Ocean (Shoemaker 1945; J.L. Barnard 1954, 1967; Birstein & Vinogradov 1955, 1958, 1960, 1963; Hurley 1963; Brusca 1967; Sanger 1974).

SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Sala-y-Gomez Ridge, south-west of Nazca Ridge, off west coast of South America, eastern South Pacific Ocean; Bougainville Trench, Solomon Sea, east of New Zealand, Tonga Trench, Kermadec Trench, western South Pacific Ocean (Schellenberg 1929; Pirlot 1933; Birstein & Vinogradov 1960; Vinogradov 1990).

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. Faeroes, off West Finmark, west, east and south of Greenland, south and southwest of Iceland; mid North Atlantic Ocean; near the Azores, west of Lisbon, off northern Portugal; south-east of Fuertaventura, Canary Islands; south-west of Cape Finisterre, Spain; south-west of Tangiers; off cost of Liberia; west of Bay of Biscay; Achill Head county Galway, west of Porcupine Bank, north-west of Eagle Island, county Mayo, west south west of Fastnet, county Cork, Tearaght, county Kerry, Ireland; Nonsuch Island, Bermuda (Boeck 1871; Sars 1886; Hansen 1887, 1888; Chevreux 1900, 1935; Walker 1903; Stebbing 1904; Tattersall 1906; Broch & Koefoed 1909; Stephensen 1912, 1913, 1915, 1923, 1933; Schellenberg 1926a, 1926b; Pirlot 1929; Shoemaker 1945; Schellenberg 1955; Fraser 1961; Sanderson 1973; Thurston 1976; Andres et al., 1992; Gislason & Astthorsson 1992).

SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. South-west of Cape Agulhas; South Africa, eastern South Atlantic Ocean; near Tristan da Cunha (Stebbing 1888; Schellenberg 1926b; K.H. Barnard 1932; Birstein & Vinogradov 1962; Griffith 1975).

GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT. South Australian Basin (Birstein & Vinogradov 1962).

SUBANTARCTIC. South-east of Campbell Island (Kane 1962).