The First Three Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The World Health Organization's Response
Creators
- 1. Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
Description
Özet
Bulaşıcı hastalıklar çoğunlukla önlenebilir halk sağlığı problemleri olmakla birlikte dünya genelinde her düzeyde salgınlara, ekonomik kayıplara ve ölümlere yol açmaktadır. Özellikle küreselleşmenin etkisi ile viral salgınların oldukça hızlı bir biçimde hayatın tüm aşamalarını etkileyebildiği COVID-19 pandemisi ile çok daha iyi gözlemlenmiştir. Yaşanan tecrübeler, bulaşıcı hastalıkların kontrolünde sadece ulusal sorumluların değil uluslararası kuruluşların da kritik roller üstlenmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Buradan hareketle çalışmamızda uluslararası sağlık politikalarında belirleyici rolü olan Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün (DSÖ) COVID-19 pandemisinin ilk üç aylık periyodunda salgının yayılımını önlemeye yönelik faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Dünya Bankası’na göre farklı gelir gruplarında bulunan Kanada, Türkiye, Pakistan ve Tacikistan’ın pandemi ile mücadelede aldıkları ulusal önlemlerin ve politikaların vaka ve ölüm sayıları üzerine olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede söz konusu ülkelerin COVID-19 bazında gösterdikleri performansa DSÖ’nün katkıları veya potansiyel etkileri yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda farklı gelir gruplarındaki ülkelerin COVID-19 salgını ile mücadelede genel olarak kabiliyetlerine göre ülke bazında ve diğer ülkelerden bağımsız politikalar geliştirdikleri anlaşılmıştır. Ülkelerin salgın ile mücadeledeki başarılarının ülke nüfuslarının yaş ortalaması, sağlık alt yapıları ve tıbbi malzeme ve ekipmanlara erişim imkanlarını büyük ölçüde etkileyen gelir düzeyleri gibi farklı parametrelerden etkilendiği değerlendirilmiştir. Bununla beraber DSÖ gibi kurumsal gücü bulunan uluslararası kuruluşlarının pandeminin önlenmesi konusunda beklenen seviyede yeterli öncü rol oynayamadığı ve yerel politikaları yönlendirmede ve uluslararası koordinasyonu sağlamada etkisiz kaldığı söylenebilir. Özellikle COVID-19 gibi hızlı ve sıkı kararlar alınması gereken viral pandemi süreçlerinde bu öncü rolün eksikliği daha da belirgin olarak hissedilmektedir. DSÖ’nün COVID-19 pandemisinin ilk üç aylık dönemindeki kararları ve toplantı bildirimleri incelendiğinde tanı araçlarının hızlı bir biçimde küresel erişime sunulması ve kısmen de sağlık malzemelerinin tedarik süreçlerinin aksatılmaması dışında ulusal sağlık yöneticilerine kesin ve etkin bir yönetim planı sunamadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda tespit edilen tüm bu unsurlar bir arada düşünüldüğünde; etkin, hızlı, sürekli güncellenen kapsayıcı politikalar üreten, bütünleştirici, önleyici ve adil bir uluslararası sağlık kurumuna olan ihtiyaç açıkça gözükmektedir.
Abstract
Infectious diseases are generally preventable public health problems; however, they cause epidemics, economic losses, and deaths at all levels worldwide. Especially with the effect of globalization, it has been observed much better with the COVID-19 pandemic, where viral outbreaks can rapidly affect all stages of life. Experiences show that not only national authorities, but also international organizations should play critical roles in the control of infectious diseases. Based on this perspective, in our study, the responses of the World Health Organization (WHO), which has a decisive role in international health policies, to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first three-month period were examined. In addition, the possible effects of the national measures and policies taken by Canada, Turkey, Pakistan, and Tajikistan, which are in different income groups according to the World Bank, on the number of cases and deaths were discussed. In this context, the contributions, or potential effects of the WHO on the performance of these countries against the COVID-19 were interpreted. It was understood that the countries in different income groups have developed policies based on their capability at country level independent from other countries in the fight against COVID-19 outbreak. It has been evaluated that the success of countries in the fight against the outbreaks is affected by different parameters such as average age of the country's populations, health infrastructures and income levels that greatly affect access to medical supplies and equipment. However, it can be said that international organizations with institutional power such as WHO cannot play a leading role at the expected level in the prevention of the pandemic and ineffective in directing local policies and ensuring international coordination. Especially in the COVID-19 viral pandemic environment where fast and precise decisions are required, this leading role is desperately needed. The first quarterly decisions and meeting notifications of the WHO in the COVID-19 pandemic were examined in our study and it was understood that these outcomes cannot provide a definite and effective management plan to national health policy makers, although WHO presented diagnostic tools rapidly and, in some degree maintained the supply chain of medical equipment globally. As a result, when all these elements determined in our study were considered together; the need for an integrative, proactive, and fair international health institution that produces prompt, effective and constantly updated comprehensive policies should be emphasized.
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