Multiple burdens of stigma for prisoners participating in opioid antagonist treatment (OAT) programmes in Indonesian prisons: a qualitative study

First paragraph

After South Africa, Southeast Asian countries have the second-highest burden of HIV infection globally with around 5.8 million people living with HIV (PLWH) in 2019 (Avert 2020). Twenty percent of this total (WHO 2016) live in Indonesia, an archipelago and Muslim-majority nation, where there are concentrated epidemics in key populations including among people who inject drugs (PWID) (UNAIDS DATA 2019). UNAIDS (2019) reported an HIV prevalence figure of 28.8% for PWID in Indonesia. Despite these figures, only 13% of PLWH in the country receive treatment (UNAIDS 2017). Studies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, as well as in Indonesia, indicate that injecting drugs is the primary cause of HIV infection and that many injectors are incarcerated (Altice et al. 2016; Morineau et al. 2012).