Astronomy Thesis Collection
Published December 14, 2007 | Version v1
Thesis Open

Chemical composition of A and F dwarfs members of two open clusters. Constrains on the evolutionary models including transport processes.

Creators

  • 1. GRAAL, Montpellier

Contributors

Supervisor:

  • 1. Nice

Description

We observe abundance anomalies at the surface of many field and cluster A stars. These abundance anomalies are generated by microscopic diffusion acting within the stable envelopes and may be modulated by the competition between many other mixing processes such as convection, rotational mixing and mass loss. The typical patterns encountered are underabundances of Ca and/or Sc as well as overabundances of iron peek elements and rare earths. Non magnetic A stars with such patterns are classified as Am.
By observing the surface of A and F stars from open clusters in particular, we can infer additional stellar parameters such as age and initial chemical composition which are invaluable for the comparison with models.  Therefore, by determining the surface composition of A and F stars from many clusters of different ages we
can follow the evolution of chemical composition and constrain the processes considered in evolutionary models.
In this thesis, the surface abundances of 22 elements are presented for 21 A/F stars of the Pleiades open cluster (100 Myr) and for 22 A/F stars of the Coma Berenices open cluster (450 Myr) which were observed with the three spectrographs AURELIE, ELODIE and SOPHIE at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP). The synthetic spectra method, which is based on ATLAS9-12 atmospheric models, is used in order to determine the abundances. These observations are then compared with evolutionary models from the Montreal group.
The results show that there are hydrodynamical processes acting within the radiative zone of these stars and hindering the effects of microscopic diffusion.

Notes

Thesis submitted in December 2007. The content is in French.

Files

rapport-these.pdf

Files (10.5 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:2d2d59d616498130c44142d0db995afa
10.5 MB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Abt, H. A. 1961, ApJS, 6, 37
  • Abt, H. A. 1965, ApJS, 11, 429
  • Abt, H. A. 2000, ApJ, 544, 933
  • Abt, H. A. & Bidelman, W. P. 1969, ApJ, 158, 1091
  • Abt, H. A., Chaffee, F. H., & Suffolk, G. 1972, ApJ, 175, 779
  • Abt, H. A. & Levato, H. 1978, PASP, 90, 201
  • Abt, H. A. & Levy, S. G. 1975, BAAS, 7, 268
  • Abt, H. A. & Moyd, K. I. 1973, ApJ, 182, 809
  • Adelman, S. J. 1973, ApJ, 183, 95
  • Alecian, G. 1996, A&A, 310, 872
  • Aller, L. H. & Chapman, S. 1960, ApJ, 132, 461
  • Anderson, C. M., Stoeckly, R., & Kraft, R. P. 1966, ApJ, 143, 299
  • Andersson, H. & Edvardsson, B. 1994, A&A, 290, 590
  • Babcock, H. W. 1947, PASP, 59, 112
  • Babcock, H. W. 1949, The Observatory, 69, 191
  • Babcock, H. W. 1958, ApJ, 128, 228
  • Balona, L. A. 1984, MNRAS, 211, 973
  • Baranne, A., Queloz, D., Mayor, M., et al. 1996, A&AS, 119, 373
  • Belyakova, E. V. & Mashonkina, L. I. 1997, Astronomy Reports, 41, 530
  • Belyakova, E. V., Mashonkina, L. I., & Sakhibullin, N. A. 1999, Astronomy
  • Reports, 43, 819
  • Biemont, E., Grevesse, N., Hannaford, P., & Lowe, R. M. 1981, ApJ, 248,
  • 867
  • Biemont, E., Hibbert, A., Godefroid, M., Vaeck, N., & Fawcett, B. C. 1991,
  • ApJ, 375, 818
  • Bi ́emont, E., Palmeri, P., & Quinet, P. 1999, Ap&SS, 269, 635
  • Biermann, L. & L ̈
  • ubeck, K. 1948, Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik, 25, 325
  • Bikmaev, I. F., Ryabchikova, T. A., Bruntt, H., et al. 2002, A&A, 389, 537
  • Boehm-Vitense, E. 1981, ARA&A, 19, 295
  • Boesgaard, A. M. 1987, ApJ, 321, 967
  • Boesgaard, A. M. 1989, ApJ, 336, 798
  • Boesgaard, A. M., Armengaud, E., & King, J. R. 2003a, ApJ, 583, 955
  • Boesgaard, A. M., Armengaud, E., & King, J. R. 2003b, ApJ, 582, 410
  • Boesgaard, A. M. & Friel, E. D. 1990, ApJ, 351, 467
  • Bonsack, W. K. 1981, in Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia, 345
  • Borra, E. F. & Landstreet, J. D. 1978, ApJ, 222, 226
  • Borra, E. F. & Landstreet, J. D. 1980, ApJS, 42, 421
  • Bounatiro, L. 1993, A&AS, 100, 531
  • Bounatiro, L. & Arimoto, N. 1993, A&A, 268, 829
  • Breger, M. 1972, ApJ, 176, 367
  • Breger, M. 1984, A&AS, 57, 217
  • Budaj, J. 1996, A&A, 313, 523
  • Burkhart, C. & Coupry, M. F. 1989, A&A, 220, 197
  • Burkhart, C. & Coupry, M. F. 1991, A&A, 249, 205
  • Burkhart, C. & Coupry, M. F. 1997, A&A, 318, 870
  • Burkhart, C. & Coupry, M. F. 1998, A&A, 338, 1073
  • Burkhart, C. & Coupry, M. F. 2000, A&A, 354, 216
  • Bychkov, V. D., Bychkova, L. V., & Madej, J. 2003, A&A, 407, 631
  • Canuto, V. M. & Mazzitelli, I. 1991, ApJ, 370, 295
  • Canuto, V. M. & Mazzitelli, I. 1992, ApJ, 389, 724
  • Castelli, F., Gratton, R. G., & Kurucz, R. L. 1997, A&A, 318, 841
  • Castelli, F. & Hubrig, S. 2004, A&A, 425, 263
  • Castelli, F. & Kurucz, R. L. 2003, in IAU Symposium, ed. N. Piskunov,
  • W. W. Weiss, & D. F. Gray, 20P
  • Cayrel, R., Cayrel de Strobel, G., & Campbell, B. 1988, in IAU Symposium,
  • Vol. 132, The Impact of Very High S/N Spectroscopy on Stellar Physics,
  • ed. G. Cayrel de Strobel & M. Spite, 449
  • Cayrel de Strobel, G., Soubiran, C., Friel, E. D., Ralite, N., & Francois, P.
  • 1997, A&AS, 124, 299
  • Chaboyer, B., Fenton, W. H., Nelan, J. E., Patnaude, D. J., & Simon, F. E.
  • 2001, ApJ, 562, 521
  • Charbonneau, P. 1991, ApJ, 372, L33
  • Charbonneau, P. 1993, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference
  • Series, Vol. 44, IAU Colloq. 138: Peculiar versus Normal Phenomena in A-
  • type and Related Stars, ed. M. M. Dworetsky, F. Castelli, & R. Faraggiana,
  • 474
  • Charbonneau, P. & Michaud, G. 1988, ApJ, 327, 809
  • Charbonneau, P. & Michaud, G. 1991, ApJ, 370, 693
  • Conti, P. S. 1970, PASP, 82, 781
  • Conti, P. S. & Barker, D. K. 1973, ApJ, 186, 185
  • Conti, P. S. & Strom, S. E. 1968, ApJ, 152, 483
  • Coupry, M. F. & Burkhart, C. 1992, A&AS, 95, 41
  • Couteau, P. & Gili, R. 1994, A&AS, 106, 377
  • Cowley, A., Cowley, C., Jaschek, M., & Jaschek, C. 1969, AJ, 74, 375
  • Crawford, D. L. 1975, AJ, 80, 955
  • Crawford, D. L. 1978, AJ, 83, 48
  • Crawford, D. L. 1979, AJ, 84, 1858
  • Crawford, D. L. & Barnes, J. V. 1969, AJ, 74, 407
  • Davis, R. J. 1977, ApJ, 213, 105
  • Deutsch, A. J. 1947, ApJ, 105, 283
  • Dommanget, J. & Nys, O. 1995, Bulletin d’Information du Centre de Donnees
  • Stellaires, 46, 3
  • Dotter, A. & Chaboyer, B. 2003, ApJ, 596, L101
  • Edvardsson, B., Andersen, J., Gustafsson, B., et al. 1993, A&A, 275, 101
  • Erspamer, D. & North, P. 2002, A&A, 383, 227
  • Erspamer, D. & North, P. 2003, A&A, 398, 1121
  • Ford, A., Jeffries, R. D., & Smalley, B. 2002, A&A, 391, 253
  • Freytag, B., Steffen, M., & Dorch, B. 2002, Astronomische Nachrichten, 323,
  • 213
  • Friel, E. D. & Boesgaard, A. M. 1990, ApJ, 351, 480
  • Friel, E. D. & Boesgaard, A. M. 1992, ApJ, 387, 170
  • Fuhr, J. R., Martin, G. A., & Wiese, W. L. 1988, Atomic transition prob-
  • abilities. Iron through Nickel (New York: American Institute of Physics
  • (AIP) and American Chemical Society, 1988)
  • Garcia Lopez, R. J., Rebolo, R., Herrero, A., & Beckman, J. E. 1993, ApJ,
  • 412, 173
  • Gardiner, R. B., Kupka, F., & Smalley, B. 1999, A&A, 347, 876
  • Gebran, M. & Monier, R. 2008, ArXiv e-prints, 802
  • Gebran, M., Monier, R., & Richard, O. 2008, A&A, 479, 189
  • Giddings, J. R. 1981, PhD thesis, , University of London, (1981)
  • Gigas, D. 1988, A&A, 192, 264
  • Gillet, D., Burnage, R., Kohler, D., et al. 1994, A&AS, 108, 181
  • Gray, D. F. 2005, The Observation and Analysis of Stel-
  • lar Photospheres (The Observation and Analysis of Stel-
  • lar Photospheres,
  • 3rd Edition,
  • by D.F. Gray.
  • ISBN
  • 0521851866. http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521851866. Cam-
  • bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.)
  • Gray, R. O. & Garrison, R. F. 1989, ApJS, 70, 623
  • Gray, R. O., Napier, M. G., & Winkler, L. I. 2001, AJ, 121, 2148
  • Greenstein, J. L. 1948, ApJ, 107, 151
  • Greenstein, J. L. 1949, ApJ, 109, 121
  • Grevesse, N. & Sauval, A. J. 1998, Space Science Reviews, 85, 161
  • Grosbol, P. J. 1978, A&AS, 32, 409
  • Hauck, B. & Mermilliod, M. 1980, A&AS, 40, 1
  • Hauck, B. & Mermilliod, M. 1998, A&AS, 129, 431
  • Heacox, W. D. 1979, ApJS, 41, 675
  • Hibbert, A., Biemont, E., Godefroid, M., & Vaeck, N. 1993, A&AS, 99, 179
  • Hill, G. M. 1995, A&A, 294, 536
  • Hill, G. M. & Landstreet, J. D. 1993, A&A, 276, 142
  • Holweger, H. 1992, in Lecture Notes in Physics, Berlin Springer Verlag, Vol.
  • 401, The Atmospheres of Early-Type Stars, ed. U. Heber & C. S. Jeffery,
  • 48
  • Holweger, H., Gigas, D., & Steffen, M. 1986a, A&A, 155, 58
  • Holweger, H., Steffen, M., & Gigas, D. 1986b, A&A, 163, 333
  • Horne, K. 1986, PASP, 98, 609
  • Hubeny, I. & Lanz, T. 1992a, A&A, 262, 501
  • Hubeny, I. & Lanz, T. 1992b, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical
  • Society, 1152
  • Hui-Bon-Hoa, A. 1999, A&A, 343, 261
  • Hui-Bon-Hoa, A. & Alecian, G. 1998, A&A, 332, 224
  • Hui-Bon-Hoa, A., Burkhart, C., & Alecian, G. 1997, A&A, 323, 901
  • Iglesias, C. A. & Rogers, F. J. 1996, ApJ, 464, 943
  • Jeffries, R. D. 1999, MNRAS, 304, 821
  • Johnson, H. L. & Knuckles, C. F. 1955, ApJ, 122, 209
  • K ̈ahler, H. 1999, A&A, 346, 67
  • Khan, S. A. & Shulyak, D. V. 2007, A&A, 469, 1083
  • Kochukhov, O., Freytag, B., Piskunov, N., & Steffen, M. 2007, in IAU Sym-
  • posium, Vol. 239, IAU Symposium, ed. F. Kupka, I. Roxburgh, & K. Chan,
  • 68–70
  • Kochukhov, O. & Ryabchikova, T. 2001, A&A, 374, 615
  • Kochukhov, O., Tsymbal, V., Ryabchikova, T., Makaganyk, V., & Bagnulo,
  • S. 2006, A&A, 460, 831
  • Kostyk, R. I. & Orlova, T. V. 1983, Astrometriia i Astrofizika, 49, 39
  • Kupka, F. 1996, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series,
  • Vol. 108, M.A.S.S., Model Atmospheres and Spectrum Synthesis, ed. S. J.
  • Adelman, F. Kupka, & W. W. Weiss, 73
  • Kurtz, D. W. 1978, ApJ, 221, 869
  • Kurtz, D. W. 1982, MNRAS, 200, 807
  • Kurucz, R. L. 1992a, Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica, vol. 23,
  • 23, 45
  • Kurucz, R. L. 1992b, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 149, The Stellar Populations
  • of Galaxies, ed. B. Barbuy & A. Renzini, 225
  • Kurucz, R. L. 1993, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 6039, 0
  • Kurucz, R. L. 2005, Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplement,
  • 8, 14
  • Kurucz, R. L. & Avrett, E. H. 1981, Solar Spectrum Synthesis - Part One -
  • a Sample Atlas from 224-NM to 300-NM, Tech. rep.
  • Landstreet, J. D. 1998, A&A, 338, 1041
  • Landstreet, J. D., Barker, P. K., Bohlender, D. A., & Jewison, M. S. 1989,
  • ApJ, 344, 876
  • Latour, J., Toomre, J., & Zahn, J.-P. 1981, ApJ, 248, 1081
  • LeBlanc, F. & Alecian, G. 2007, ArXiv e-prints, 711
  • Lemke, M. 1989, A&A, 225, 125
  • Lemke, M. 1990, A&A, 240, 331
  • Lester, J. B., Gray, R. O., & Kurucz, R. L. 1986, ApJS, 61, 509
  • Lester, J. B., Lane, M. C., & Kurucz, R. L. 1982, ApJ, 260, 272
  • Liu, Y.-Y., Michel, E., Hernandez, M. M., et al. 1999, Acta Astrophysica
  • Sinica, 19, 201
  • Magazzu, A. & Cowley, C. R. 1986, ApJ, 308, 254
  • Maury, A. C. & Pickering, E. C. 1897, Annals of Harvard College Observa-
  • tory, 28, 1
  • Mendoza V., E. E. 1956, ApJ, 123, 54
  • Mermilliod, J.-C., Rosvick, J. M., Duquennoy, A., & Mayor, M. 1992, A&A,
  • 265, 513
  • Meynet, G., Mermilliod, J.-C., & Maeder, A. 1993, A&AS, 98, 477
  • Michaud, G. 1970, ApJ, 160, 641
  • Michaud, G. 2004, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 224, The A-Star Puzzle, ed.
  • J. Zverko, J. Ziznovsky, S. J. Adelman, & W. W. Weiss, 173–183
  • Michaud, G. & Charland, Y. 1986, ApJ, 311, 326
  • Michaud, G., Charland, Y., Vauclair, S., & Vauclair, G. 1976, ApJ, 210, 447
  • Michaud, G., Tarasick, D., Charland, Y., & Pelletier, C. 1983, ApJ, 269, 239
  • Miles, B. M. & Wiese, W. L. 1969, Atomic Data, Vol. 1, p.1, 1, 1
  • Monier, R. 2005, A&A, 442, 563
  • Monier, R. & Richard, O. 2004, in IAU Symposium, ed. J. Zverko,
  • J. Ziznovsky, S. J. Adelman, & W. W. Weiss, 209–214
  • Montmerle, T. & Michaud, G. 1976, ApJS, 31, 489
  • Moon, T. T. & Dworetsky, M. M. 1985, MNRAS, 217, 305
  • Murphy, R. E. 1969, AJ, 74, 1082
  • Napiwotzki, R., Schoenberner, D., & Wenske, V. 1993, A&A, 268, 653
  • Nicolet, B. 1981, A&A, 104, 185
  • Nissen, P. E. 1981, A&A, 97, 145
  • Nissen, P. E. & Edvardsson, B. 1992, A&A, 261, 255
  • North, P. 1993, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series,
  • Vol. 44, IAU Colloq. 138: Peculiar versus Normal Phenomena in A-type
  • and Related Stars, ed. M. M. Dworetsky, F. Castelli, & R. Faraggiana, 577
  • Olsen, E. H. 1984, A&AS, 57, 443
  • Paunzen, E., Kamp, I., Iliev, I. K., et al. 1999, A&A, 345, 597
  • Paunzen, E., Maitzen, H. M., Pintado, O. I., et al. 2006a, A&A, 459, 871
  • Paunzen, E., Schnell, A., & Maitzen, H. M. 2006b, A&A, 458, 293
  • Percival, S. M., Salaris, M., & Groenewegen, M. A. T. 2005, A&A, 429, 887
  • Perryman, M. A. C. 1997, in ESA Special Publication, Vol. 402, Hipparcos -
  • Venice ’97, 1–4
  • Pickering, J. C., Thorne, A. P., & Perez, R. 2002, ApJS, 138, 247
  • Pilachowski, C. A., Booth, J., & Hobbs, L. M. 1987, PASP, 99, 1288
  • Piskunov, N. E., Kupka, F., Ryabchikova, T. A., Weiss, W. W., & Jeffery,
  • C. S. 1995, A&AS, 112, 525
  • Preston, G. W. 1974, ARA&A, 12, 257
  • Przybilla, N., Butler, K., Becker, S. R., & Kudritzki, R. P. 2001a, A&A, 369,
  • 1009
  • Przybilla, N., Butler, K., Becker, S. R., Kudritzki, R. P., & Venn, K. A.
  • 2000, A&A, 359, 1085
  • Przybilla, N., Butler, K., & Kudritzki, R. P. 2001b, A&A, 379, 936
  • Queloz, D., Allain, S., Mermilliod, J.-C., Bouvier, J., & Mayor, M. 1998,
  • A&A, 335, 183
  • Raboud, D. & Mermilliod, J.-C. 1998, A&A, 329, 101
  • Relyea, L. J. & Kurucz, R. L. 1978, ApJS, 37, 45
  • Renson, P. 1990, Bulletin d’Information du Centre de Donnees Stellaires, 38,
  • 151
  • Rentzsch-Holm, I. 1996, A&A, 312, 966
  • Rentzsch-Holm, I. 1997, A&A, 317, 178
  • Richard, O., Michaud, G., & Richer, J. 2001, ApJ, 558, 377
  • Richer, J., Michaud, G., Rogers, F., et al. 1998, ApJ, 492, 833
  • Richer, J., Michaud, G., & Turcotte, S. 2000, ApJ, 529, 338
  • Rodriguez, E., Lopez de Coca, P., Rolland, A., Garrido, R., & Costa, V.
  • 1994, A&AS, 106, 21
  • Royer, F., Grenier, S., Baylac, M.-O., G ́omez, A. E., & Zorec, J. 2002, A&A,
  • 393, 897
  • Ryabchikova, T. A. 1991, in IAU Symp. 145: Evolution of Stars: the Photo-
  • spheric Abundance Connection, ed. G. Michaud & A. V. Tutukov, 149
  • Savanov, I. S. 1996, Astronomy Reports, 40, 196
  • Saxner, M. & Hammarback, G. 1985, A&A, 151, 372
  • Schatzman, E. 1969, A&A, 3, 331
  • Schmidt, E. G. 1979, AJ, 84, 1739
  • Schramm, D. N., Steigman, G., & Dearborn, D. S. P. 1990, ApJ, 359, L55
  • Schweitzer, A. 1999, PhD thesis, PhD Thesis, Landessternwarte Heidel-
  • berg/K ̈onigstuhl (1999).
  • Searle, L. & Sargent, W. L. W. 1967, in Magnetic and Related Stars, ed.
  • R. C. Cameron, 219
  • Shulyak, D., Tsymbal, V., Ryabchikova, T., St ̈
  • utz, C., & Weiss, W. W. 2004,
  • A&A, 428, 993
  • Sigut, T. A. A. & Landstreet, J. D. 1990, MNRAS, 247, 611
  • Smalley, B. 2004, in IAU Symposium, ed. J. Zverko, J. Ziznovsky, S. J.
  • Adelman, & W. W. Weiss, 131–138
  • Smalley, B. & Dworetsky, M. M. 1993, A&A, 271, 515
  • Soderblom, D. R., Oey, M. S., Johnson, D. R. H., & Stone, R. P. S. 1990,
  • AJ, 99, 595
  • Solano, E., Paunzen, E., Pintado, O. I., C ́ordoba, & Varela, J. 2001, A&A,
  • 374, 957
  • Stauffer, J. R. 1984, ApJ, 280, 189
  • Stibbs, D. W. N. 1950, MNRAS, 110, 395
  • Str ̈omgren, B. 1966, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 24, Spectral Classification and
  • Multicolour Photometry, ed. K. Loden, L. O. Loden, & U. Sinnerstad, 129
  • Takeda, Y. 1995, PASJ, 47, 287
  • Takeda, Y., Kawanomoto, S., Takada-Hidai, M., & Sadakane, K. 1998, PASJ,
  • 50, 509
  • Takeda, Y. & Sadakane, K. 1997, PASJ, 49, 367
  • Talon, S., Richard, O., & Michaud, G. 2006, ApJ, 645, 634
  • Thorburn, J. A., Hobbs, L. M., Deliyannis, C. P., & Pinsonneault, M. H.
  • 1993, ApJ, 415, 150
  • Tody, D. 1993, in ASP Conf. Ser. 52: Astronomical Data Analysis Software
  • and Systems II, ed. R. J. Hanisch, R. J. V. Brissenden, & J. Barnes, 173
  • Trumpler, R. J. 1937, Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 3,
  • 31
  • Turcotte, S., Richer, J., & Michaud, G. 1998a, ApJ, 504, 559
  • Turcotte, S., Richer, J., Michaud, G., Iglesias, C. A., & Rogers, F. J. 1998b,
  • ApJ, 504, 539
  • van den Heuvel, E. P. J. 1967, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands, 19, 11
  • van Leeuwen, F. 1999, A&A, 341, L71
  • Varenne, O. & Monier, R. 1999, A&A, 351, 247
  • Vauclair, G., Vauclair, S., & Michaud, G. 1978a, ApJ, 223, 920
  • Vauclair, G., Vauclair, S., & Pamjatnikh, A. 1974, A&A, 31, 63
  • Vauclair, S. & Vauclair, G. 1982, ARA&A, 20, 37
  • Vauclair, S., Vauclair, G., Schatzman, E., & Michaud, G. 1978b, ApJ, 223,
  • 567
  • Ward, L. 1985, MNRAS, 213, 71
  • Watson, W. D. 1971, A&A, 13, 263
  • Weaver, H. F. 1952, ApJ, 116, 612
  • Wedemeyer, S. 2001, A&A, 373, 998
  • Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., & Deters, T. M. 1996, Atomic transition probabil-
  • ities of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen : a critical data compilation (Atomic
  • transition probabilities of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen : a critical data
  • compilation. Edited by W.L. Wiese, J.R. Fuhr, and T.M. Deters. Wash-
  • ington, DC : American Chemical Society ... for the National Institute of
  • Standards and Technology (NIST) c1996. QC 453 .W53 1996.)
  • Wolff, S. C. & Preston, G. W. 1978, ApJS, 37, 371
  • Zahn, J.-P. 2005, in EAS Publications Series, Vol. 17, EAS Publications
  • Series, ed. G. Alecian, O. Richard, & S. Vauclair, 157–166
  • Zhang, E.-H. 1983, AJ, 88, 825