Is per capita energy use stationary? Time series evidence for the EMU countries

This study examines the stationary properties of per capita energy use in the 19 Eurozone
member countries by using annual data over 1960–2013 period. We utilize the Clemente et al.
unit root test that determines structural breaks. Empirical results show that most of the country
series does not reject the unit root null hypothesis at the 5% significance level, both in the case of
additive outlier and of innovative outlier. Therefore, our empirical findings provide significant
evidence that energy use is nonstationary in almost all Eurozone countries. For the policy
makers, it is necessary to pay attention to energy use series.