Published September 21, 2020 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Major and Possible Transmission Routes of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

  • 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
  • 2. Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

Description

Özet

SARS-CoV-2 insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili diğer zoonotik betakoronaviruslar olan SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV gibi insanlar arasında başlıca solunum damlacıkları ile bulaşır ve yayılır. Aerosoller ile bulaş olasılığı çok tartışılmakla beraber, semptomatik hastalarla birlikte kapalı alanlarda bulunulması durumunda (hastaneler veya uzun süreli araç içi yolculuk gibi) aerosol bulaş riskinin arttığını gösteren kanıtlar vardır. Solunum sekresyonları gibi yüksek titrede enfeksiyöz viral partikül içeren örneklere temas sonrası kontamine ellerle göz, ağız ve burun mukozalarına dokunulması (otoinokülasyon) diğer olası bulaş yoludur. SARS-CoV-2 insan vücudunda başlıca solunum yolları (nazofarinks ve akciğerde hücreleri) ve incebağırsak epitelinde replike olmakta ve solunum yolları sekresyonları ve dışkıdan saçılmaktadır. Bununla beraber dışkı örneklerinde viral RNA varlığı sık görülen bir durum olmasına rağmen, dışkıdan canlı virüs izolasyonu çok nadirdir ve fekal oral yol ile SARS-CoV-2 bulaşı bildirilmemiştir. Benzer şekilde kan ve kan ürünleri ile bulaş da teorik bir olasılığın ötesinde enfeksiyonun yayılmasında özel bir önem taşımamaktadır. İdrar, semen, gözyaşı gibi diğer vücut sıvılarında da viral RNA varlığı gösterilmiş olmasına rağmen, bu örneklerden bulaş için güçlü kanıtlar yoktur. Yine anneden bebeğe transplasental yol ile bulaş olasılığı için çok nadir olgu bildirimleri olsa da, yenidoğan enfeksiyonlarının daha çok doğum sonrası anne veya diğer aile bireyleri ile yakın temas sonrası geliştiği düşünülmektedir. Enfeksiyon bulaşını önlemede maske ve kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanılması en etkili korunma yöntemlerden biri olup, maskelerin maruz kalınan viral yükü azaltarak şiddetli enfeksiyonların gelişimini önlemesi maske kullanımının diğer bir avantajıdır. Hatta gün içinde uzun süreli gözlük kullanımının da enfeksiyon bulaş riskini azalttığını gösteren bir çalışma bulunmaktadır. Yine uluslararası kuruluşların rehberlerinde aerosol oluşturan eylemlerden kaçınılması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Zoonotik, ters zoonotik ve hayvanlar arası bulaş yolları ve bulaşın epidemiyolojik yönleri bu makalede tartışılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak diğer solunum yolu ile bulaşan enfeksiyonlarla benzer bulaş özellikleri sergileyen SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlarından korunmada en etkili yol damlacık ve aerosol bulaşını önlemek için alınan standart tedbirleri içermektedir.

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted and spread mainly by respiratory droplets among humans, as other zoonotic betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) associated with human infections. Although the possibility of transmission by aerosols is widely discussed, there is evidence that the risk of aerosol transmission is increased in closed areas with symptomatic patients (such as hospitals or long-term vehicle travel). Touching eye, mouth and nasal mucosa with contaminated hands (autoinoculation) after contact with samples containing high titers of infectious viral particles such as respiratory secretions is another possible route of transmission. In the human body, SARS-CoV-2 replicates mainly in the respiratory tract (cells in the nasopharynx and lung) and small intestine epithelium and is scattered from respiratory tract secretions and feces. However, although the presence of viral RNA in stool samples is common, isolation of live virus from stool is very rare and SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fecal oral route has not been reported. Similarly, transmission through blood and blood products is not of importance beyond a theoretical possibility in the spreading of infection. Although viral RNA has been demonstrated in other body fluids such as urine, semen and tears, there is no strong evidence for transmission from these samples. Also, there are very rare case reports regarding the possibility of transplacental transmission from mother to baby, however it is thought that neonatal infections mostly develop after close contact with the mother or other family members after birth. The use of masks and personal protective equipment is one of the most effective protection methods in preventing infection transmission, and another advantage of mask use is that masks prevent the development of severe infections by reducing the viral load exposed. There is even a study showing that wearing glasses for a long time during the day reduces the risk of infection. Again, in the guides of international organizations, avoidance of actions that create aerosols are emphasized. Zoonotic, reverse zoonotic and animal to animal transmission routes and epidemiological aspects of transmission are not discussed in this article. As a result, the most effective way to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections, which exhibit similar transmission characteristics to other respiratory infections, includes standard measures taken to prevent droplet and aerosol contamination.

Notes

SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonlarının Temel ve Olası Bulaşma Yolları

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