Basic Epidemiological Parameters at the end of the 5th month of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Creators
- 1. Department of Family Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- 2. Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
Description
Özet
Küresel çapta neden olduğu etkileri nedeniyle yüzyılın salgını olarak niteleyebileceğimiz COVID-19 pandemisinin başlaması üzerinden 5 aylık bir süre geçti. Bu süreçte başlangıçta sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmanın veya matematiksel modelleme ve simülasyonların sunduğu veriler üzerinden anlaşılmaya çalışılan salgın epidemiyolojisine dair bilgiler, yerini farklı ülkelerden gelen yeni çalışma verilerine ve bu verilerin havuzlanarak incelendiği sistematik derlemeler ve meta analizlerin sunduğu daha güvenilir sonuçlara bırakmaktadır. Bu makalede SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlarının inkübasyon periyodu, bulaştırıcılık dönemi ve süresi, bulaşma alanları (nozokomiyal bulaş, hanehalkı bulaşı, toplumsal bulaş), rezervuar hayvanlar, asemptomatik bireylerin bulaştaki rolü ve bu enfeksiyonların mevsimsel özellikleri ile ilgili genel bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca bulaştırıcılık katsayısı (R0), sekonder atak hızı, ülkelere göre vaka sayıları ve ölüm oranları gibi salgının temel epidemiyolojik parametreleri incelenmiştir. COVID-19 salgınının sunduğu veriler SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlarının önceki koronavirus enfeksiyonları (SARS ve MERS) ile karşılaştırıldığında daha yüksek bir bulaştırıcılığa sahipken virülansının daha düşük olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Mevcut veriler SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlarında temel epidemiyolojik parametrelerden R0 değerinin (bölgelere ve dönemlere göre değişmek üzere) 2 ila 3 arasına sabitlenme eğiliminde olduğunu, bulaştırıcılığın semptomların ortaya çıkışından 1-2 gün önce başladığını ve inkübasyon periyodunun ortalama 5 gün civarında (1-14 gün) olduğunu göstermektedir. Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından Türkiye’deki R0 değeri 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde 1.56 olarak açıklanmıştır (basın bildirisi). Salgının ilk 5 ayında (29 Mayıs itibariyle) 50’den fazla ülkede toplam olgu sayısı 10.000’i aşarken, dünya genelindeki toplam vaka sayısı 6 milyona ulaşmış ve bu olguların neredeyse yarısı sonlanmış (kapanmış) vaka durumuna gelmiştir. Aktif enfeksiyon olguları da dahil edildiğinde dünya genelindeki ölüm oranı yaklaşık %6.1 iken, sonlanan 3 milyon vakada bu oran tahmini olarak %12 civarındadır. Vaka sayılarının ve mortalite oranlarının ülkelere göre önemli ölçüde farklılıklar gösterdiği bu salgında, ülke nüfusuna oranla en yüksek vaka sayılarının görüldüğü yerler Katar, Lüksemburg, Bahreyn, İspanya, Kuveyt, Singapur, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İzlanda, İrlanda ve Belçika gibi genel olarak kişi başına milli geliri yüksek olan veya uluslararası ticari faaliyetlerin ve havayolu seyahatlerinin yoğun olduğu ülkeler olmuştur. Dünyanın birçok ülkesine göre daha iyi sağlık sistemlerine sahip olan, ancak şiddetli enfeksiyon için risk altındaki nüfusun yüksek oranlarda olması nedeniyle beklenmedik hasta yoğunluğu ile karşı karşıya kalan Belçika, Fransa, İtalya, İspanya, Birleşik Krallık, Hollanda ve İsveç gibi Avrupa ülkelerinde SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonları dünya geneline göre daha yüksek mortalite oranları ile seyretmektedir. Bununla beraber, salgının başlangıç günlerinden yakın zamana kadar olgu sayılarının düşük sayılarda seyrettiği Brezilya, Peru, Şili, Rusya, Meksika, Hindistan ve Bangladeş gibi ülkelerde son haftalarda vaka sayılarında hızlı artışlar görülmektedir. Bu ülkelerden ya da faklı ülkelerde ortaya çıkabilecek yeni artışların salgınla ilgili istatistikleri değiştirmesi muhtemeldir. Bu makalede salgının ilk 5 ayı sonunda izlenen temel epidemiyolojik parametrelerin kısa bir gözden geçirmesini sunulmuştur.
Abstract
It has been a 5-month period since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic which can describe as the outbreak of the century due to its global effects. Information on epidemic epidemiology was initially attempted to be understood through data provided by a limited number of studies or by mathematical modeling and simulations, but today the data of new studies from different countries and the more reliable results provided by systematic reviews and meta-analyzes where these data are pooled and analyzed replaced this information. In this article, general information is summarized about incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 infections, infectious period, transmission modes (nosocomial, household, and social transmission), reservoir animals, the role of asymptomatic individuals in transmission, and seasonal characteristics of these infections. In addition, the main epidemiological parameters of the epidemic such as reproductive number (R0), secondary attack rate, number of cases and mortality rates by country were examined. Data presented by the COVID-19 outbreak indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infections have higher infectivity compared to previous coronavirus infections (SARS and MERS), while have lower virulence. The available data show that the R0 value (depending on regions and periods), which is one of the basic epidemiological parameters, tends to stabilize between 2 and 3, the contamination begins 1-2 days before the symptoms appear and the incubation period is on average 5 days (1-14 days) in SARS-CoV-2 infections. R0 number is estimated as 1.56 in Turkey by the Ministry of Health on May 13, 2020 (press release). In the first 5 months of the epidemic (as of May 29), while the total number of cases in more than 50 countries exceeded 10,000, the total number of cases worldwide reached 6 million, and almost half of these cases ended (closed). While the worldwide mortality rate is around 6.1% (including cases of active infection), this rate is approximately 12% in the 3 million closed cases. In this outbreak, case numbers and mortality rates differ significantly by country. In general, the regions with the highest number of cases according to country population were Qatar, Luxembourg, Bahrain, Spain, Kuwait, Singapore, United States, Iceland, Ireland, and Belgium (in general, these countries have high per capita national income or intensive international trade activities and air travel). SARS infections are progressing with higher mortality rates than the rest of the world in European countries (such as Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, UK, Netherlands, and Sweden) having better healthcare systems than many countries, but facing unexpected patient density due to high rates of population at risk for severe infection. However, in some countries such as Brazil, Peru, Chile, Russia, Mexico, India and Bangladesh, where the number of cases remained low from the onset of the outbreak until recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of cases in recent weeks. New increases that may occur in these countries or in different countries are likely to change statistics on the outbreak. In this article, a brief review of the main epidemiological parameters monitored at the end of the first 5 months of the outbreak is presented.
Notes
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