Apanteles opacus

(Figures 62, 102)

Urogaster opacus Ashmead, 1905: 118. Holotype ♀ — Luzon, Philippines [USNM].

Apanteles opacus (Ashmead, 1905): Wilkinson, 1928: 128; Chu, 1935: 22; Thompson, 1953: 75; Nixon, 1965: 44; You, Xiong, Dang et al. 1982: 58; Rao, 1961: 34; Chen & Song, 2004: 74; He, Chen, Lou et al. 1992: 1250–1267; Shenefelt, 1972: 587.

Apanteles derogatae Watanabe, 1935: 49; Thompson, 1953: 58; You et al. 1980: 21–22; Chen & Song, 2004: 46; Shenefelt, 1972: 489. Syn. by Watanabe, 1967: 41–44.

Apanteles cavatiptera Chen & Song, 2004: 33. Syn. nov.

Apanteles glacilipes Song & Chen, 2004: 52. Syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Body length 3.0 mm, fore wing length 3.4 mm. Body black, hind femur yellow, except brownish at apex. Ocelli large, posterior tangent to anterior ocellus not touching posterior ocelli, distance between fore and hind ocellus slightly shorter than diameter of hind ocellus. Antenna about as long as body length, penultimate flagellomere 1.5× longer than wide. Interspaces between punctures on disc of mesonotum distinctly smaller than its diameter. Areola on propodeum closed, V-shaped apically, with strong costulae, posterio-lateral parts with some carinae. Pterostigma 2.3× as long as its widest part, vein 1-R1 1.3× longer than pterostigma, vein r 2.2× longer than vein 2-SR, angled at junction. T1 parallel-sided, 2.8× longer than hind width, turned-over part dull, with longitudinal striation laterally, longitudinal channel distinct; T2 shiny, except a few weak punctures, 3.6× wider than long in the middle; T3 2.3× longer than T2. Ovipositor sheath slightly shorter than hind tibia.

Hosts. According to the label, Diaphania indica (Saunders), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). According to literature, Sylepta derogate Fabr, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke [Glycine max], Haritalodes derogata (Fabr), Pericallia ricini Fabr, Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli) [Glycine max] and Scirpophaga nivella Fabr [Erianthus munja] (Yu et al. 2016).

Material examined. 1♀, Yuexi, Anhui, 1981.V.24, Yang Fu’an, No. 820583; 3♀♀, Chongqing, 1987.IX.3, ditto, Nos. 878454, 878464, 878462; 1♀, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 1988.VII.26, He Junhua, No. 887654; 1♀, Xiamen, Fujian, 1988.VII.28, ditto, No. 887748; 1♀, Buyun, Shanghang, Fujian, 1988.VII.19–21, Ma Yun, No. 885080; 2♀♀, Letu, Nanjing, Fujian, 1991.V.23, Liu Changming, Nos. 20006044, 20006025; 1♀, ditto, 1991.VII.8, ditto, Nos. 20006211; 1♀, Nanjing, Fujian, 1991.VII.28, Lin Xiaolin, No. 20005873; 2♀♀, Tianbaoyan, Yongan, Fujian, 2001.VII.15–18, Xu Zaifu, Nos. 20020230, 20020239; 1♀, ditto, 2001.VII.17, Piao Meihua, No. 200106854; 3♀♀, Mt. Longxi, Fujian, 1991.X.11, Chen Xuexin, Nos. 920514, 920518, 920543; 2♀♀, ditto, 1991.VII.8, Liu Chang- ming, Nos. 969836, 969801; 7♀♀, ditto, 1991.VII.1–2, ditto, Nos. 20006716, 20006756, 20006828, 20006671, 20006565, 20006507, 20006339; 2♀♀, ditto, 1991.IX.30, ditto, Nos. 20007281, 20007219; 5♀♀, ditto, 1991. VII.16, ditto, Nos. 20006958, 20007037, 20007031, 20007019, 20006983; 2♀♀, Xibing, Fu’an, Fujian, 1991. VII.16, Lin Changfu, Nos. 20008848, 20008847; 10♀♀, ditto, 1988.IX.27, ditto, Nos. 20008855, 20008866, 20008873, 20008874, 20008884, 20008894, 20008903, 20008905, 20008915, 20008880; 1♀, Fuzhou, Fujian, 1992.X.14, Liu Changming, No. 967088; 1♀, ditto, 1991.IV.17, ditto, No. 966552; 1♀, ditto, 1991.IX.6, Zhao Xi- ufu, No. 967747; 1♀, Jinshan, Fuzhou, Fujian, 1988.VII.5, Huang Jian, No. 20009229; 2♀♀, ditto, 1990.VII.20, Liu Changming, Nos. 20009380, 20009384; 1♀, ditto, 1991.VI.7, ditto, No. 20009559; 5♀♀, ditto, 1991.XI.5, Zhao Xiufu, Nos. 20009578, 20009584, 20009586, 20009590, 20009596; 14♀♀, Shumuyuan, Shenzhou, Fujian, 1989.VI/X, Wu Zhishan, Nos. 20009802, 20009804, 20009817, 20009818, 20009837, 20009798, 20009846, 20009814, 20009704, 20009668, 20009660, 20009669, 20009692, 20009797; 5♀♀, Chibi, Yongqin, Fujian, 2002. IX.17 /19, Wang Yiping, Nos. 20023803, 20023775, 20023773, 20023816, 20022988; 6♀♀, ditto, 2002.IX.17–19, Yu Xiaoxia, Nos. 20023729, 20023741, 20023701, 20023128, 20023472, 20023134; 8♀♀, ditto, 2002.IX.17 /19, Liu Jingxian, Nos. 20023639, 20023568, 20023634, 20023640, 20022970, 20022956, 20022961, 20022967; 5♀♀, ditto, 2002.IX.17 /19, Li Fangfang, Nos. 20023084, 20023112, 20023113, 20023757, 20023767; 4♀♀, ditto, 2002. IX.18, Li Fangfang, Nos. 20023198, 20023231, 20023299, 20023366; 9♀♀, Longhai, Fujian, 1988.XI.10, Lin Changhai, Nos. 20005332, 20005339, 20005345, 20005346, 20005351, 20005353, 20005395, 20005398, 20005407; 11♀♀, Mt. Daiyun, Dehua, Fujian, 2002.IX.13, Liu Jingxian, Nos. 20023960, 20023969, 20023986, 20024968, 20024975, 20025003, 20025009, 20025030, 20025031, 20025011, 20024965; 1♀, Chishuizhen (700m), Dehua, Fujian, 2002.IX.13, Xu Zaifu, No. 20025227; 1♀, Youxi, Fujian, 1988.X.15, Zheng Qi, No. 20005157; 2♀♀, Meix- ian, Youxi, Fujian, 1988.X.15, Lin Changfu, Nos. 20005229, 20005228; 9♀♀, Mt. Wuyi, Fujian, 2007.VIII.22–25, Xie Cuihong, Nos. 200807136, 200807104, 2008071117, 200807130, 200807133, 200807142, 200806246, 200806231, 200806251; 2♀♀, Mt. Nankun, Longmen, Guangdong, 2003.VII.14–15, Xu Zaifu, Nos. 20050269, 20050272, 20020198; 3♀♀, Nanling, Ruyuan, Guangdong, 2003.VII.23 /25, ditto, Nos. 20054163, 20048977, 20049105; 4♀♀, Fengxi, Meizhou, Guangdong, 2003.VII.29, Chen Jujian, Nos. 20048737, 20048743, 20048584, 20048837; 1♀, Heishiding, Fengkai, Guangdong, 2003.VIII.15, ditto, No. 20048917; 1♀, Linjiang, Zijin, Guang- dong, 2003.VIII.1, ditto, No. 20059075; 2♀♀, Shimentai,Yingde, Guangdong, 2001.X.27, Xu Zaifu, Nos. 20026305, 20026297; 2♀♀, Dawuling, Xinyi, Guangdong, 2002.V.1–6, ditto, Nos. 20026231, 20025953; 1♀, Baiyong, Yang- chun, Guangdong, 2002.V.5–6, ditto, No. 20028038; 1♀, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 1988, Liang Weiguang, No. 888970; 1♀, Chebaling, Shixing, Guangdong, 2002.VII.27, Xu Zaifu, No. 20051934; 1♀, ditto, 2002.IV.19, ditto, No. 20050502; 1♀, ditto, 2002.V.25, ditto, No. 20051375; 15♀♀, ditto, 2003.VIII.21, ditto, Nos. 20052025, 20051988, 20052545, 20052505, 20052550, 20052217, 20052786, 20052856, 20052675, 20052447, 20052450, 20052335, 20052141, 20052167, 20052473; 16♀♀, Datianding, Dawuling, Guangdong, 2001.X.3 /5, ditto, Nos. 20020929, 20021091, 20021011, 20021119, 20021084, 20021053, 20020952, 20020463, 20020659, 20020556, 20020495, 20020437, 20020650, 20020549, 20020524; 1♀, ditto, 2001.X.4, ditto, No. 20020734; 3♀♀, Linchang- fangbu, Dawuling, Guangdong, 2001.X.6, ditto, Nos. 20021127, 20021199, 20021171; 2♀♀, Pingtai, Mt. Shiwan- dashan (200–400m), Guangxi, 2001.XI.28, Ma Yun, Nos. 20021516, 20021509; 3♀♀, Pingying, Mt. Shiwan- dashan, 2003.VII.31, Wang Yiping, Nos. 20037645, 20037652, 20037651; 1♀, Mt. Shiwandashan, Naqinxiang (150m), Guangxi, 2001.XII.1, Ma Yun, No. 20021630; 1♀, Hongqilinchang, Mt. Shiwandashan (265–450m), Guangxi, 2001.XI.30, Ma Yun, Nos. 20021603; 1♀, Rongshui, Guangxi, 2003.VIII.5, Wang Yiping, No. 20037963; 4♀♀, Botanic Garden, Guangxi, 2002.X.30, Lin Naiquan, Nos. 20034987, 20034965, 20034957, 20034945; 1♀, Nanning, Guangxi, 1982.V.16, He Junhua, No. 824518; 3♂♂, Baise, Guangxi, 1980.XI, Lujunbu, No. 880032; 1♀, Beiliu, Guangxi, 1981.IV.10, Zhong Qingzai, No. 824478; 2♀♀, Anjiaping, Tianlin, Guangxi, 1982.V.29, He Jun- hua, Nos. 821873, 821891; 1♀, Sanjiang, Guangxi, 1982.X, Mei Yi, No. 826499; 1♂, Neichao, Mt. Daming, Guangxi, 2011.VIII.13, Yan Chengjin, No. 201100833; 5♀♀, Guilin, Guangxi, 1987.IX.22, He Junhua, Nos. 878663, 878693, 878667, 878700, 878706; 3♀♀, Xiangshuwan, Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, Guizhou, 2010. VI.5, Chai Hongfei, Nos. 201003977, 201003980, 201002195; 2♀♀, Baishao, Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, Gui- zhou, 2010.VI.7, Tang Pu, Nos. 201004294, 201004373; 2♀♀, Qinggangtang, Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, Gui- zhou, 2010.VI.8, ditto, Nos. 201005646, 201000395; 1♀, Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, Guizhou, 2010.VI.7, Tan Jiangli, No. 201003517; 1♀, Guiyang, Guizhou, 1983.X.15, He Junhua, No. 884514; 10♀♀, Wanjia, Mayanghe, Guizhou, 2007.IX.27–X.3, Liu Jingxian, Nos. 200708608, 200708705, 200708571, 200708615, 200708353, 200708772, 200708030, 200709300, 200709353, 200709388; 5♀♀, Daheba, Mayanghe, Guizhou, 2007.X.1–3, ditto, Nos. 200709489, 200709497, 200709346, 200709394, 200709529; 2♀♀, Libo, Guizhou, 1998.X.23 /29, Luo Qinghuai, Nos. 201410604, 201410605; 3♀♀, Changqiangou, Xishui, Guizhou, 2000.IX.25 /29, Ma Yun, Nos. 200102752, 200102771, 200102507; 1♀, Xishui, Guizhou, 2000.IX.26, ditto, No. 200102237; 1♀, Bajiaowo, Xi- shui, Guizhou, 2000.IX.24, Ma Yun, No. 200102833; 1♀, Tongkuangchang, Mt. Fanjin, Guizhou, 2001.VII.28, Piao Meihua, No. 200107280; 1♀, Fangxianxiang (1000m), Mt. Leigong, Guizhou, 2005.VI.3, Zhang Hongying, No. 200605754; 1♀, Huishui, Guizhou, 1987.VII, Chu Jiming, No. 874958; 1♂, Bawangling, Hainan, 2000.VIII.19, Xu Zaifu, No. 200104373; 1♀, Jianfengling, Hainan, 2008.XI.22, Tan Jiangli, No. 200805321; 3♀♀, Shuimanx- iang, Mt. Wuzhishan, Hainan, 2007.V.15–20, Weng Liqiong, Nos. 200803883, 200803748, 200804044; 3♀♀, Mt. Wuzhishan, Hainan, 2007.X.29, Liu Jingxian, Nos. 200710041, 200710210, 200710126; 1♀, ditto, 2007.V.16–20, ditto, No. 200703414; 1♀, ditto, 2007.V.17–20, Xiao Bin, No. 200804668; 1♀, Mt. Diaoluo, Hainan, 2007.V.29– VI.2, Weng Liqiong, No. 200804262; 1♀, Yinggeling, Hainan, 2008.XI.16, Tan Jiangli, No. 200805823; 1♀, ditto, 2008.XI.17, Wang Manman, No. 200805446; 2♀♀ 1♂, Xinxiang, Henan (coll. in soy field), 1975.VI.19, Li Weihua, Nos. 772025, 772023, 20034957, 20034945; 1♀, Shizifeng, Ludai, Henan, 1996.VIII.24, Cai Ping, No. 973156; 1♂, Shiqiao, Henan, 1978.IX.20, Zhu Changqing, No. 803354; 1♀, Huangshian, Xixia, Henan, 1998.VII.17, Chen Xuexin, No. 989242; 2♀♀, Jiangling, Hubei,?, ditto, No. 827045; 2♀♀ ♂, Hubei, 19?, Nongyeting, No. 827007; 1♀ 1♂, Wuchang, Hubei, 1983.VII.25, Zhang Wei, No. 840670, ex Diaphania indica (Saunders); 6♀♀ 2♂♂, Jiejia- zhou Village, Nanxian, Hunan, 2011.VIII.18, Liu Zhen, Nos. 201101095, 201101096, 201101097, 201101098, 201101100, 201101101, 201101099, 201101094; 4♀♀, Xiangbizigou, Mt. Huping, Shimen, Hunan, 2009.VII.8–9, Tang Pu, Nos. 200901717, 200902019, 200902012, 200901735; 2♀♀, Nianzigou, Mt. Huping, Shimen, Hunan, 2009.VII.9, Zeng Jie, Nos. 200901329, 200901331; 4♀♀ 3♂♂, Nantong, Jiangsu, 1980, Chen Yunfei, No. 810010, ex Sylepta derogate Fabr.; 1♀, Shenyang, Liaoning, 1962.VIII.22, Zong Lian, No. 63001.13, ex ditto; 1♀, ditto, 1979.IX.8, Zhang Jing, No. 791158, ex ditto; 1♀, Dongling, Shenyang, Liaoning, 1994.VII.10, Lou Juxian, No. 947438; 2♀♀, Tieling, Liaoning, 1979.VIII.9, Zhang Jing, No. 791150, ex ditto; 1♀, ditto, 1980.VIII.15, Zong Lian, No. 803266, ex ditto; 2♀♀ ♂, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 1976.II, Yang Huaiyu, Nos. 760948, 826388, ex Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders); 1♂, Guan County, Sichuan, 1980.VIII.1, He Junhua, No. 803044; 2♀♀, Mt. Qingcheng, Sichuan, 2006.VII.19, Zhang Hongying, Nos. 200613951, 200613886; 1♀, Zhangjiashan Park, Yaan, Sichuan, 2006.VII.14, ditto, No. 200613585; 1♂, Mt. Wugong, Gaoxiong, Taiwan, 2011.VI.15, Tang Pu, No. 201104828; 2♀♀, Hekou (107m), Yunnan, 2003.VII.20, Jiang Xi, Nos. 20045466, 20045474; 1♀, Houshan, Nanxi Village, Hekou, Yunnan, 2003.VII.21, Li Tingjing, No. 20045495; 1♀, ditto, 2003.VII.20–21, Xu Zaifu, No. 20055310; 1♀, Mt. Gaoligong, Baoshan, Yunnan, 2006.VII.16–17, Zeng Jie, No. 200802085; 1♀, Dianchang, Xiaolongtan, Lvchun, Yunnan, 2003.VII.23, Jiang Xi, No. 20045573; 2♀♀, Dianzhan, Lvshuihe (536m), Yunnan, 2003.VII.23, Xu Zaifu, Nos. 20055422, 20055443; 1♀, Menglun, Yunnan, 1981.IV.10, He Junhua, No. 811680; 1♀, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 1991.VI.28, He Junhua, No. 911107; 1♀, ditto, 1989.IX.15, ditto, No. 896037; 8♀♀, ditto, 1994.IX.4, ditto, Nos. 944855, 944856, 944860, 944862, 944863, 944864, 944865, 944873; 1♀, ditto, 1957. XI.9, Hu Cui, No. 5786.2; 1♀, ditto, 1997.VIII.6, He Junhua, No. 974118; 2♀♀, ditto, 1957.XI.10, Chen Qihu, No. 5788.3; 1♀, ditto, 1994.IX.15, He Junhua, No. 948913; 1♀, Nangaofeng, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 2003.VII.5, Chen Xuexin, No. 20056124; 4♀♀, Mt. Wuyun, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 2008.X.4, Wang Manman, Nos. 200809435, 200809437, 200809415, 200809459; 1♀, Yunxi, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 2004.VIII.16, Chen Xuexin, No. 200904636; 1♀, Mt. Tianmu, Zhejiang, 1992.VI.9, Chen Xuexin, No. 922353; 1♀, ditto, 1990.VI.2–4, He Junhua, No. 904166; 1♀, ditto, 1983.IX.10–12, Wan Xingsheng, No. 834107; 3♀♀ 1♂, ditto, 1982.X.8–10, Ma Yun, Nos. 826178, 826180, 826182; 1♀, ditto, 1983.IX.10–12, He Junhua, No. 832188; 2♀♀, ditto, 1983.IX.10–12, Wang Jinfu, Nos. 833515, 833484; 3♀♀, Shanzhuang, Mt. Tianmu, Zhejiang, 1998.VIII.17, Zhao Mingshui, Nos. 999996, 999998, 999926; 1♀, Jinshanmen, Mt. Tianmu, malaise trap, 1998.IX.26, ditto, No. 20002713; 1♀, Laodian to Xianrend- ing, Mt. Tianmu, Zhejiang, 1998.V.17–18, Xu Weiliang, No. 885954; 1♀, Dongyang, Zhejiang, 1987.VIII.10, Xu Weiliang, No. 875240; 4♀♀, Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, 1980.IX, Zhou Xinsheng, No. 805486, ex Sylepta derogate Fabr.; 2♀♀ 2♂♂, Linhai, Zhejiang, 1965.VIII.6, He Junhua, No. 65062.1; 14♀♀, Suichang, Zhejiang, 1974.VIII, ditto, No. 740476; 3♀♀, Mt. Gutian, Zhejiang, 1986.VII.22, Lou Xiaoming, Nos. 863162, 863323, 863377; 5♀♀, Mt. Longwang, Anji, Zhejiang, 1993.VIII.31, ditto, Nos. 9310715, 9310631, 9310630, 9310616, 9310615; 1♀, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 1993.IX.27, ditto, No. 9310872.

Distribution. China (Anhu, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam.

Remarks. According to Chen & Yang (2004), A. cavatiptera Chen & Song was similar to A. opacus (Ashmead) except T2 was longer, vein r was indistinctly angled with 2-SR, and hind femur was blackish brown in the latter. A. glacilipes Song & Chen was similar to A. derogate Watanabe except longer antenna and ovipositor sheath and yellowish T 3 in the latter. Apanteles derogate is junior synonym of A. opacus (Ashmead). Based on numerous specimens studied above, we believe A. cavatiptera Chen & Song and A. glacilipes Song & Chen are also junior synonyms of A. opacus (Ashmead) and characters mentioned above are within its variation.