Echinoderes hakaiensis Herranz, Yangel & Leander 2017

Echinoderes hakaiensis Herranz, Yangel & Leander, 2017 Material examined

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1 adult ♂, US West Coast, California, off Monterey, 36°40′52″ N, 122°49′37″ W, St. 6, 2719 m deep, 24 Sep. 2008, mounted in Fluoromount G (NHMD-223924); 1 ♂, same collecting data as for preceding, mounted for SEM and stored in the first author’s personal reference collection. See Fig. 1 for localities and Table 1 for detailed station data.

Notes on distribution, morphology and comparison with type material

The two recorded specimens show a very close resemblance with E. hakaiensis, a species described from the coast of British Columbia, Canada (Herranz et al. 2018). The single specimen mounted for LM has a trunk length of 320 µm, which is very close to the mean length of the type specimens (324 µm). Moreover, spine and segment lengths are within the range of the type material. The distribution of spines, tubes, sensory spots and glandular cell outlets correspond in detail to the original description given by Herranz et al. (2018), and re-examination of paratypes deposited at NHMD confirmed this compliance. The specimens are not illustrated herein, since no new or different structures were found.

The only considerable difference regards the habitat. Echinoderes hakaiensis was described from a depth of 88–140 m, and is thus a part of the shelf or sublittoral fauna. The recorded specimens originate from the bathyal fauna, which suggests that the species is not limited by depth preferences, but can be found along the American west coast, throughout the sublittoral to bathyal zones.

Echinoderes cf. unispinosus Yamasaki, Neuhaus & George, 2018 Figs 24–25, Tables 16–17

Material examined

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 2 adult ♂♂, St. 1; 2 adult ♀♀, 1 adult ♂, St. 3; 3 adult ♀♀, 1 adult ♂, St. 4. All specimens mounted in Fluoromount G (NHMD-227016–227024). See Fig. 1 for localities and Table 1 for detailed station data.

Other material

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 3 ♂♂, St. 3; 1 ♂, St. 5. All mounted for SEM and stored in the first author’s personal reference collection.

Notes on distribution, morphology and comparison with type material

A complete overview of measurements and dimensions is presented in Table 16, and the distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets and spines is summarized in Table 17.

Echinoderes unispinosus was recently described from the deep-sea plains around Sedlo Seamount in the Northwest Atlantic, north of the Azores, at a depth of 2875 m (Yamasaki et al. 2018b). Besides being among the first bathyal species of Echinoderes to be described, E. unispinosus shows several unusual characters that make it highly distinct among congeners. These include the single middorsal spine on segment 4 (Figs 24D, 25G) and lateroventral spines on segments 6 and 7 only (Figs 24E, 25 H–I), combined with the presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segments 1, 2, 5 and 8 (Figs 24 B–C, E–F, 25C, E–F, H–J). As stressed by Yamasaki et al. (2018b) this species is distinguished very easily by its characteristic spine and outlet pattern.

The material examined for the present study yielded specimens with a very similar morphology (Figs 24–25). Their general appearance is identical with that of E. unispinosus, their meristic data is within the range or very close to those of the type specimens (compare Table 16 with Yamasaki et al. 2018b), and all taxonomically significant characters, i.e., spines and glandular cell outlets type 2, fit E. unispinosus perfectly. The only observed differences between the Pacific specimens from the present study and the Atlantic specimens from the type locality are: sublateral sensory spots on segments 3 and 9 (Fig. 25J), observed in the Pacific population only, subdorsal sensory spots on segment 8, observed in the Atlantic population only, and sensory spots on segments 5 to 7 which occur midlaterally in the Atlantic population, and more sublaterally in the Pacific population (Fig. 25I).

The identity of the Pacific population leaves a taxonomic challenge. On the one hand, even though we can observe minor differences, these are so few and insignificant that they can hardly justify the description of a new species. Furthermore, Yamasaki et al. (2018b) did not have specimens available for

SEM and the specimens they had for LM were not in an optimal condition. Hence, it cannot be ruled out that they have missed a sensory spot, or misinterpreted another structure and considered it to be a sensory spot. Visualizing sensory spots in LM can be extremely challenging, especially in mid- and sublateral positions. On the other hand, no other species of Echinoderes shows a distribution as wide as this. Even though a species like Echinoderes tchefouensis Lou, 1934 is known to have a considerable distribution, and can be found throughout East Asia and Indonesia (Sørensen et al. 2016b), its distribution still covers a smaller geographic area than the one suggested for E. unispinosus, and the distribution of

E. tchefouensis appears much more continuous, with numerous records of the species throughout its distributional range (Lou 1934; Higgins & Kristensen 1988; Sørensen et al. 2012; 2016b). As for the Pacific record of E. unispinosus, this leaves us with two options: 1) deep-sea species of Echinoderes might show a much wider distributional range than congeners from more shallow water. This option cannot be ruled out completely, since our knowledge of deep-sea Echinoderes is extremely limited, and has not been addressed until very recently (Yamasaki et al. 2018a, 2018b; Grzelak & Sørensen in press). Alternatively, 2) the Pacific population represents a different species, closely related with E. unispinosus, but with morphological differences restricted to a few sensory spots. We might here feel inclined to support the second option, mostly based on the geographic distance between the two populations, but then again, we would hesitate in providing a formal description of the Pacific population as a distinct species, based on the present material. The question could perhaps be solved in the future if more material, and in particular clean specimens for SEM, were made available from the type locality of E. unispinosus, but ideally the problem should be approached by a molecular comparison of the two populations.

Genus Fissuroderes Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006