Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published March 5, 2010 | Version v1
Taxonomic treatment Open

Arctiini Leach 1815

Creators

  • 1. Northern Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton ,, Canada
  • 2. University of Alberta Strickland Entomology Museum ,, Canada
  • 3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada
  • 4. Calgary ,, Canada

Description

Arctiini

1611.1 * P Virbia laeta (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) M Jul? – B – T: Forbes (1960), Zaspel and Weller (2006), Zaspel et al.(2008)

1612 * R Virbia sp. nr. aurantiaca (Hübner, [1831]) Jul – B – T: Forbes (1960), Cardé (1965), Zaspel and Weller

(2006), Zaspel et al. (2008)

L: None C: CNC, UASM

1613 * R Virbia ferruginosa (Walker, 1854) L Jun – L Jul M B g T: Cardé (1965), Zaspel and Weller (2006),

Zaspel et al. (2008)

L: Bowman (1951),? Zaspel et al. (2008) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1614 * R Holoarctia sordida (McDunnough, 1921) M Jul – L Jul M – – T: Ferguson (1985b), Pöyry and Kullberg (1997)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, UASM

1615 * R Neoarctia beanii (Neumoegen, 1891) M Jul M – – T: Ferguson (1985b)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1616 * R Holarctia obliterata (Stretch, 1885) Aug M B g T: Ferguson (1991)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE,

UASM

1617 R Grammia doris (Boisduval, 1869) L Jun – B g T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: UASM

1618 * R Grammia phyllira (Drury, 1773) L Jul – b g T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC, UASM

1619 R Grammia virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) L Jun – L Jul m B g T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1620 R Grammia parthenice (Kirby, 1837) M Jul – E Aug m B g T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1621 * R Grammia virguncula (Kirby, 1837) M Jun – E Jul m B g T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1622 * R Grammia speciosa (Möschler, 1864) Jul – B – T: Schmidt (2009b)

L: Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC, UASM

1622.1 * P Grammia quenseli (Paykull, 1793) Jul M – – T: Schmidt (2009b)

1623 * R Grammia margo Schmidt, 2009 L May m B g T: Schmidt (2009b)

L: [Bowman (1951)], Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC,

NFRC, UASM

1624 * R Grammia nevadensis (Grote and Robinson, 1866) Jul – Aug M – – T: Ferguson and Schmidt (2007), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Hooper (1988b), Schmidt

(2009b) C: CNC, UASM

1625 R Grammia williamsii (Dodge, 1871) E – L Jul m B G T: Forbes (1960), Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1626 R Grammia elongata (Stretch, 1885) Jul M – – T: Schmidt (2009b)

L: Schmidt (2009b) C: CNC, UASM

1627 R Grammia blakei (Grote, 1865) M May – E Jun – – G T: Schmidt (2009b)

L: Bowman (1951), Byers (1988), Schmidt (2009b)

C: CNC, UASM

1627.1 * P Grammia ornata (Packard, 1864) Jun? M – – T: Ferguson et al. (2000), Schmidt (2009b)

1628 R Parasemia plantaginis (Linnaeus, 1758) M Jun – L Jul M B – T: Forbes (1960)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE,

UASM

1629 * R Pararctia lapponica (Th unberg, 1791) Jun – L Jul M – – T: Sotavalta (1965)

L: None C: CNC, UASM

1630 * R Pararctia yarrowii (Stretch, [1874]) Jun – L Jul M b – T: Sotavalta (1965)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, UASM

1631 * R Platarctia parthenos (Harris, 1850) M Jun – E Jul M B – T: Sotavalta (1965)

L: Bowman (1951), McGugan (1958), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1631.1 * P Platyprepia virginalis (Boisduval, 1852) Jun? M – – T: Sotavalta (1965)

1632 * R H Arctia caja (Linnaeus, 1758) L Jul – M Aug M B – T: Forbes (1960), de Freina and Witt (1987) L: Bowman (1951), Ives and Wong (1988) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1632.1 * P Arctia opulenta (Edwards, 1881) Jul? M – – T: Lafontaine and Troubridge (1999)

1633 * R H Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758) May; E Aug (2Br) m b G T: Donahue and Newman (1966), de Freina and Witt (1987) L: Bowman (1951),? Donahue and Newman (1966) C: CNC, UASM

1634 * R Phragmatobia lineata Newman and Donahue, 1966 E – L May – – G T: Donahue and Newman (1966) L: Donahue and Newman (1966), Hooper (1988b), Donahue (1993) C: CNC, UASM

1635 R Phragmatobia assimilans Walker, 1855 M May – M Jun m B g T: Donahue and Newman (1966) L: Bowman (1951), Donahue and Newman (1966), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1635.1 * P Leptarctia californiae (Walker, 1855)? M – –

1636 R Pyrrharctia isabella (Smith, 1797) M Jun – M Jul – B G T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, OLDS, UASM

1637 R Estigmene acrea (Drury, 1773) M Jun – M Jul – B G T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1638 * R Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) Jun – – G Fall Webworm T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951), McGugan (1958) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1639 R Spilosoma congrua Walker, 1855 Jun – B – T: Forbes (1960) L: None C: CNC, OLDS, UASM

1640 R Spilosoma dubia (Walker, 1855) L May – M Jun – B g T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, OLDS, UASM

1641 R Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius, 1798) M Jun – M Jul – B g T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951), McGugan (1958) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1642 R Spilosoma vagans (Boisduval, 1852) M Jun – E Jul M – – L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, OLDS, UASM

1642.1 * P Spilosoma pteridis Edwards 1874 M May – M Jun – – G

1643 * R Spilosoma danbyi (Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893) L May – M Jun – B – T: Forbes (1960) L: [Bowman (1951)] C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1644 * R Hypercompe permaculata (Packard, 1872) E Jun – M Jul – – G L: Bowman (1951), Hooper (1988b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1645 * R H Dodia albertae Dyar, 1901 M Jun – E Jul m B – T: Tshistjakov and Lafontaine (1984), Schmidt and Macaulay (2009) L: Bowman (1951), Tshistjakov and Lafontaine (1984), Schmidt and Macaulay (2009) C: CNC, UASM

1646 * R Dodia tarandus Schmidt and Macaulay, 2009 M Jun – E Jul – B – T: Schmidt and Macaulay (2009) L: Schmidt and Macaulay (2009) C: CNC, UASM

1647 * R Haploa lecontei (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) M Jul – E Aug – B g T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, UASM

1647.1 * P Haploa confusa (Lyman, 1887) L Jul? – B – T: Forbes (1960)

1648 * R Gnophaela vermiculata (Grote, 1864) E Jul – E Aug m B – Police Car Moth L: Bowman (1951), [Ives and Wong (1988)] C: CNC, OLDS, NFRC, PMAE, UASM

1648.1 * P Halysidota tessellaris (Smith, 1797) L Jun? – B – T: Forbes (1960)

1649 R Lophocampa maculata Harris, 1841 M Jun – M Jul m B g T: Forbes (1960) L: Bowman (1951), McGugan (1958), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1650 * R Cycnia tenera Hübner, 1818 L Jun? – E Jul – – G T: Forbes (1960) L: None C: BCSC, J. H. Acorn collection

1651 R Cycnia oregonensis (Stretch, [1874]) L May – M Jun – – G

T: Forbes (1960)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, UASM

1652 * R Ctenucha virginica (Esper, 1794) M Jun – E Jul m B – T: Forbes (1960)

L: None C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1653 R Cisseps fulvicollis (Hübner, 1818) L Jul – E Aug M B – T: Forbes (1960)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE,

UASM

60.3. Herminiinae

Small to medium-sized (20–40 mm wingspan) moths with relatively broad wings and narrow bodies. Th ey are defined on the basis of several internal and tympanal structures. Many species have distinctive secondary male sexual organs occurring on almost any part of the body, including swellings on the antennae and hair brushes on the palps or legs. The larvae feed mainly on fungus on dead leaves in various states of decomposition, but diets range from fungus to living vascular plant material. A few species feed on other material including dead insects, dried fruit, and dung.

The Herminiinae occur worldwide, with the main diversity in the tropics. Approximately 100 species in 20 genera occur in North America. Sixteen species (including at least one undescribed) in nine genera occur in AB. Th e subfamily is need of revision. The only recent taxonomic work on the group is a revision of the genus Macrochilo (Ferguson 1982). Most AB species were treated by Forbes (1954).

1654 * R Idia americalis (Guenée, 1854) E May – L Sep M B g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956), Pohl et al.

(2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1655 * R Idia aemula (Hübner, 1814) L Jun – L Aug – B g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956), Prentice (1962),

Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS,

UASM

1656 * R Idia sp. nr. aemula (Hübner, 1814) L Jun – M Aug M B – T: Rings et al. (1992)

L: Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS,

UASM

1657 * R Idia lubricalis (Geyer, 1832) E Jul – E Sep – b g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956) C: CNC, NFRC,

OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1658 * R Idia occidentalis (Smith, 1884) E Aug – M Aug – – G T: Mustelin (2006) L: None C: CNC, UASM

1659 * R Idia immaculalis (Hulst, 1886) E Jul – E Aug – – G L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, UASM

1660 R Phalaenophana pyramusalis (Walker, 1859) M May – M Jul – B – T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC,

UASM

1661 * R Zanclognatha pedipilalis (Guenée, 1854) E Sep – – G T: Forbes (1954)

L: Hooper (1988c) C: CNC

1662 R Zanclognatha lutalba (Smith, 1906) L Jun – E Aug – B g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC,

NFRC, UASM

1663 R Chytolita petrealis (Grote, 1880) L May – E Aug M B g L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1664 R Macrochilo bivittata (Grote, 1877) Jul – E Aug – B g T: Ferguson (1982)

L: None C: CNC, UASM

1665 R Macrochilo louisiana (Forbes, 1922) M Jul – L Aug – B – T: Ferguson (1982)

L: None C: CNC, UASM

1665.1 * P Macrochilo absorptalis (Walker, 1859)? – B G T: Ferguson (1982)

1666 R Phalaenostola metonalis (Walker, 1859) L Jun – E Aug M B g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, UASM

1667 R Phalaenostola hanhami (Smith, 1893) L Jul – E Aug – B – T: Forbes (1954)

L: Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1667.1 * P Renia flavipunctalis (Geyer, 1832)? – – G T: Forbes (1954)

1668 R Bleptina caradrinalis Guenée, 1854 M Jun – M Jul – B G T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, UASM

1669 R Palthis angulalis (Hübner, 1796) L May – E Aug M B g T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956), Prentice (1962),

Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS,

PMAE, UASM

60.4. Pangraptinae

A group of relatively small (20 – 30 mm wingspan) moths, with broad, slightly scalloped wings. Only recently recognized as a valid family-group (see summary in Lafontaine and Schmidt in press), Pangraptinae currently contains only two species in two genera in North America, with additional species in Pangrapta (likely representing multiple unrecognized genera) in the Old World tropics. Only Pangrapta decoralis, the type-species of the genus, occurs in AB.

1670 * R Pangrapta decoralis Hübner, 1818 L Jun – B – T: Forbes (1954), Covell (1984)

L: None C: UASM

60.5. Rivulinae

Small (15–20 mm wingspan), broad-winged nocturnal moths. Th e subfamily is defined mainly by larval characters, but adults also have unique microsculpturing of the proboscis. Although this group was included in the Hypeninae by Kitching and Rawlins (1999), Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005) placed the rivulines in their own subfamily, as they share no derived characters with the Hypeninae. Unlike many of the other primitive quadrifine groups, the larvae feed on living vascular plants.

There are relatively few Rivulinae species globally; a number of species in the genus Rivula are found worldwide. Nine species in three genera occur in North America, one of which occurs in AB. The group is in need of revision, but the sole AB species was treated by Forbes (1954) and Covell (1984).

1671 R Rivula propinqualis Guenée, 1854 L Jun – M Aug m B g T: Forbes (1954), Covell (1984)

L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC,

NFRC, OLDS, UASM

60.6. Hypeninae

A relatively small subfamily of medium-sized (30–50 mm wingspan) moths with broadly triangular (deltoid) forewings and elongate palps. Adults of several AB species are sexually dimorphic. Several species hibernate and overwinter as adults. The group is defined by a unique set of larval characters (Beck 1999 – 2000). Some larvae are semiloopers. Th ey feed on various vascular plants.

Hypeninae occur worldwide. In North America, the subfamily is comprised of about 30 species, all but one in the genus Hypena. Eight species in two genera occur in AB. Most of the species listed here were treated by Forbes (1954).

1672 R Hypena bijugalis (Walker, 1859) M May – E Jul – B – T: Forbes (1954)

L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1673 R Hypena palparia (Walker, 1861) L Jun – L Jul – B – T: Forbes (1954) L: Bowman (1951), Ives and Wong (1988) C: CNC, OLDS, UASM

1674 * R Hypena deceptalis (Walker, 1859) L Jun – E Jul – b g T: Forbes (1954) L: None C: BIRD, OLDS

1675 R Hypena atomaria Smith, 1903 L Jun – L Jul – B g T: Forbes (1954) L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

1676 R Hypena edictalis (Walker, 1859) L Jun – L Aug – B – T: Forbes (1954) L: Bowman (1951), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, PMAE, UASM

1677 R Hypena humuli Harris, 1841 L Apr – E Jun; M M B g T: Forbes (1954) Aug – M Oct (H) L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956), Pohl et al. (2004b) C: CNC, NFRC, OLDS, UASM

1678 R Hypena californica Behr, 1870 L Apr – E May; M B g L: Bowman (1951), Crumb (1956) C: CNC, UASM L Aug (H)

1678.1 * P Hypena scabra (Fabricius, 1798)? – b g T: Forbes (1954)

1679 * R Hypena eductalis Walker, [1859] E Jun – E Aug – B g T: Forbes (1954) L: Bowman (1951) C: CNC, NFRC, UASM

60.7. Scoliopteryginae

Medium-sized (40–70 mm wingspan), robust moths, often with prominent ‘beaked’ palps and a sinuate forewing anal margin. Th e proboscis of adults is modified with tearing hooks for piercing fruit. This subfamily was previously treated as a subgroup of the Calpinae (Lafontaine and Schmidt in press).

This group is most widespread and has the greatest species richness in the tropical regions of the world. Eleven species occur in North America. A diagnosis of the single species occurring in AB was treated by Forbes (1954) and Covell (1984).

Notes

Published as part of Pohl, Greg, Anweiler, Gary, Schmidt, Christian & Kondla, Norbert, 2010, An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, Canada, pp. 1-549 in ZooKeys 38 (38) on pages 239-246, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.38.383, http://zenodo.org/record/576629

Files

Files (16.3 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:dcad068adc69ed981e48973ca69a47f4
16.3 kB Download

System files (136.0 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:73b15cf91a7ae8825c3ed17fc75e7489
136.0 kB Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F2569FC2A4D3E6A7FEAAFC07AA8A

Related works

Is part of
Journal article: 10.3897/zookeys.38.383 (DOI)
Journal article: http://zenodo.org/record/576629 (URL)
Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/FF8B8A2E9F2CA426E62BFFD7FFC6AF1B (URL)

Biodiversity

Family
Erebidae
Kingdom
Animalia
Order
Lepidoptera
Phylum
Arthropoda
Scientific name authorship
Leach
Taxon rank
tribe
Taxonomic concept label
Arctiini Leach, 1815 sec. Pohl, Anweiler, Schmidt & Kondla, 2010

References

  • Forbes WTM (1960) Th e Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part IV. Agaristidae through Nymphalidae including butterflies. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 371: 1 - 188.
  • Zaspel JM, Weller SJ (2006) Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography. Zootaxa 1159: 1 - 68.
  • Zaspel JM, Weller SJ, Carde RT (2008) A review of Virbia (formerly Holomelina) of America north of Mexico (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 48: 59 - 118.
  • Carde RT (1965) Some taxonomic notes on the Nearctic Holomelina (Arctiidae) with a partial key to the species. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 19: 69 - 76.
  • Bowman K (1951) An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 29: 121 - 165.
  • McDunnough JH (1921) Two new Canadian crambid moths (Lepidoptera). The Canadian Entomologist 53: 160 - 161.
  • Ferguson DC (1985 b) Contributions towards a reclassification of the world genera of the tribe Arctiini, part 1 - Introduction and a revision of the Neoarctia - Grammia group (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae). Entomography 3: 181 - 275.
  • Poyry J, Kullberg J (1997) A taxonomic revision of the genus Holoarctia Ferguson, 1984 (Arctiidae). Nota Lepidopterologia 20: 45 - 65.
  • Ferguson DC (1991) Th e identity of Arctia obliterata Stretch (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93: 828 - 833.
  • Schmidt BC (2009 b) Taxonomic revision of the genus Grammia Rambur (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156: 507 - 597.
  • Ferguson DC, Schmidt BC (2007) Taxonomic review of the Grammia nevadensis species group (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 1405: 39 - 49.
  • Hooper RR (1988 b) A check-list of the moths of Saskatchewan, Part 3 - Tiger moths (Arctiidae) and tussock moths (Lymantriidae). Blue Jay 46: 127 - 132.
  • Byers JR (1988) Wooly-bear caterpillars of Grammia blakei (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). An occassional pest of native range pastures and adjacent crops in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Th e Canadian Entomologist 120: 927 - 935.
  • Ferguson DC, Opler PA, Smith MJ (2000) Moths of western North America, 3. Distribution of Arctiidae of western North America, Part 1. Text, maps, and references. C. P. Gillette Arthropod Biodiversity Museum, Ft. Collins, CO, 171 pp.
  • Sotavalta O (1965) A revision of the genus Hyphoraia Hubner s. lat. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Annales Entomologica Fennica 31: 159 - 97.
  • McGugan BM (1958) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Vol. 1: Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Canada Department of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Publication No. 1034, 76 pp.
  • Pohl GR, Langor DW, Landry J-F, Spence JR (2004 b) Lepidoptera of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest near Lac La Biche, Alberta, including new provincial records. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 530 - 549.
  • de Freina JJ, Witt TJ (1987) Die Bombyces und Sphinges der Westpalaearktis (Insecta, Lepidoptera), Band 1 [Th e bombycids and sphingids of the western Palearctic (Insecta, Lepidoptera), Vol. 1]. Edition Forschung und Wissenschaft, Munchen, 708 pp.
  • Ives WGH, Wong HR (1988) Tree and shrub insects of the Prairie provinces. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Information Report NOR-X- 292, 327 pp.
  • Lafontaine JD, Troubridge JT (1999) Two new species of Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) from the Yukon Territory, Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 96: 89 - 93.
  • Donahue JP, Newman JH (1966) The genus Phragmatobia in North America, with the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Th e Michigan Entomologist 1: 35 - 73.
  • Donahue JP (1993) New distribution records of the tiger-moth genus Phragmatobia in North America (Lepidoptera: Arctiide: Arctiinae). Great Lakes Entomologist 26: 21 - 30.
  • Tshistjakov YA, Lafontaine JD (1984) A review of the genus Dodia Dyar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) with description of a new species from eastern Siberia and northern Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 116: 1549 - 1556.
  • Schmidt BC, Macaulay DA (2009) A new species of Dodia Dyar (Noctuidae: Arctiinae) from central Canada. ZooKeys 9: 79 - 88.
  • Ferguson DC (1982) A revision of the genus Macrochilo Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomography 1: 303 - 332.
  • Forbes WTM (1954) Th e Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 329: 1 - 433.
  • Crumb SE (1956) Th e larvae of the Phalaenidae. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1135: 1 - 356.
  • Prentice RM (1962) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Vol. 2: Nycteolidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Liparidae. Canada Dept. of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Publication No. 1013, pp. 77 - 281.
  • Rings RW, Metzler EH, Arnold FJ, Harris DH (1992) Owlet moths of Ohio - order Lepidoptera - family Noctuidae. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 9 (2): 1 - 219.
  • Mustelin T (2006) Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (L.) with descriptions of twenty-one new species. Zootaxa 1278: 1 - 47.
  • Hooper RR (1988 c) A checklist of the moths of Saskatchewan, Part 4 - Snout moths (Herminiinae, Rivulinae, Hypenodinae, and Hypeninae). Blue Jay 46: 178 - 180.
  • Covell CV Jr (1984) A field guide to moths of eastern North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, Peterson Field Guide Series No. 30, 496 pp.
  • Fibiger M, Lafontaine JD (2005) A review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7 - 690.
  • Beck H (1999) Die Larven der Europaischen Noctuidae - Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae [Th e larvae of the European Noctuidae - revision of the systematics of the Noctuidae]. Herbipoliana 5, Vol. 1 (447 pp.) and Vol. 2 (859 pp.).
  • Beck H (2000) Die Larven der Europaischen Noctuidae - Revision der Systematik der Noctuidae [Th e larvae of the European Noctuidae - revision of the systematics of the Noctuidae]. Herbipoliana 5, Vol. 3 (336 pp.) and Vol. 4 (512 pp.).