Intercropping of lupin for weed control and complementary grain production in organic farming

Problem
Lupin crops (white lupin, narrow-leafed lupin) fix nitrogen, produce protein-rich seeds and can diversify crop rotations, However, the low competitive ability of lupin towards weeds and its high yield variability is a barrier to increase its cultivation with no or reduced herbicide use, 

Solution 
A cereal (winter or spring) or camelina (spring) crop can be grown with lupin at a low density. The intercrop can compensate the low utilisation of soil nitrogen and light interception by lupin helping to reduce weed burden for lupin during the early stages of growth.