Can you reach for the planets or grasp at the stars? – Modified noun, verb, or preposition constituents in idiom processing

Idioms are a special case of multiword expressions in that their meaning cannot
be compositionally constructed from the meaning of the single constituents. The
present study examines whether the figurative meaning of an idiom is recognized
if critical idiomatic constituents (e.g. noun, verb, preposition) are modified. In three
paraphrase experiments, participants saw (a) the canonical idiomatic phrase (e.g.,
She reached for the stars), (b) the idiomatic phrase with a modified constituent
(e.g., She reached for the planets), or (c) a matched literal control sentence (e.g., She
reached for the sweets) and rated how strongly the sentence reflected the meaning
of a paraphrase of the idiom (e.g., She has always aspired to unattainable goals).
Canonical idiomatic phrases and control sentences received highest and lowest
paraphrase ratings, respectively, with modified constituents in between. Further,
idioms with modified verbs were rated higher in matching the figurative meaning
than idioms with modified prepositions or nouns. These findings indicate that the
figurative meaning was assembled in spite of the modifications and support the
notion that idioms are not fully “semantically fixed”. Rather, modified constituents
that activate meanings similar to those of the canonical constituents are good can-
didates in contributing to the figurative meaning of an idiom. We discuss psycholin-
guistic models on idiom comprehension.