Lead Free Perovskite Materials: Interplay of Metals Substitution for Environmentally Compatible Solar Cells Fabrication

Perovskite solar cells have attracted significant attention during the current decade due to their efficacy and photovoltaics performance, which has reached to a new millstone in thin film category. Albeit perovskite solar cells have witnessed a remarkable 24.2% light to electricity conversion efficiency, but the ubiquity of lead metal due to its dual toxicity behaviour towards human as well as environment, apart from material instability are the current bottlenecks towards its possible commercial endeavour. This allowed the scientific community to explore other metal ions as substitution for lead metal, while preserving the unique properties of lead to produce environment-friendly perovskite structure. In this review, we put forward the highlights on the recent developments and challenges of lead-free hybrid halide perovskite based light harvester for solar cell application. This will allow the research community to discover materials library for ideal sustainable technology