Teori Tindak Tutur dalam Studi Linguistik Pragmatik

This article explains the theory of speech acts proposed by
John L. Austin and his student John R. Searle. Speech act theory is a
sub-field of pragmatics. This field of study deals with the ways in
which words can be used not only to present information but also to
carry out actions. This theory considers three levels or components of
speech: locutionary acts (the making of a meaningful statement,
saying something that a hearer understands), illocutionary acts
(saying something with a purpose, such as to inform), and
perlocutionary acts (saying something that causes someone to act).
Many view speech acts as the central units of communication, with
phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of
an utterance serving as ways of identifying the meaning of speaker’s
utterance or illocutionary force. There are five types of
Illocutionary point according to Searle: declarations, assertives,
expressives, directives, and commissives (1979:viii). A speech act, in
order to be successful, needs to be performed along certain types of
conditions. These conditions were categorized by the linguist John
Searle, who introduced the term felicity conditions: propositional
content condition, preparatory condition, sincerity condition, and
essential condition.