Non-alcoholic fatial diseases of the liver: historical aspect of the formation of nosological unit, etiology and pathogenetic peculiarities of this pathology (literature review)

This literature review focuses on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFTLD). Today, the world practice of researching diseases is characterized by a multifactor approach, in particular, it concerns pathologies, which are based on a cascade of metabolic disorders, where insulin resistance is one of the key places. Today, NAFTLD is considered an integral part of the metabolic syndrome. The frequency of occurrence of NAFTLD varies from 14 to 26%, in addition, 10% of patients show signs of steatohepatitis non-alcoholic etiology. The pathogenesis of steatosis and metabolic steatohepatitis is poorly studied and there are very contradictory data in the literature, which served as the basis for the creation of this review. The authors consider in detail the historical aspect of the formation of the NAFTLD as an independent nosological unit. A number of etiological aspects of the formation of NAFTLD, but to a large extent, the review is devoted to the mechanisms and pathogenesis of the formation of NAFTLD. A concept has been put forward that reflects the role of oxidative stress and the death of mitochondrial complexes in initiating the initiation of apoptosis and/or necrosis of hepatocytes (under these conditions there is an activation of leukocytes and Ito cells in Disse space, which contributes to the fibrosis proliferation and the formation of NAFTLD). Also, in this paper, there is also a place for searching for the cause-and-effect relationships of such comorbid diseases, such as NAFTLD and carbohydrate metabolism disorders.