Published December 18, 2013 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Politico-economic influence and social outcome of English language among Filipinos: An autoethnography

  • 1. University of the Visayas

Description

Deeply rooted with the influence of the American culture to Philippine Education, most curricula are centered on the English language as the medium of instruction. Until today, most of the classes are taught in English while inconspicuously discourage the use of the lingua franca during discussions and even within school premises. The culture of reverse ethnocentricity in communication is motivated by the assumed status symbol in the community. This autoethnographic study analyzed the positive and ill effects of English-centered curriculum among bilingual and multilingual Filipino students. Noble consequences include: (1) considerably comprehensible to good command of the International language; (2) prodigious chances of employability in foreign countries; and (3) tourism, education and business attraction. Proficiency in the English language as a status symbol has unfavorable effects which include: (1) poor mastery of the lingua franca both in oral and written communication; (2) perceiving the lingua franca as a second-class language; (3) stereotypes and inferiority among non-English and poor-English speaker; (4) challenged cultural identity; and (5) threatened nationalism and patriotism.

Files

18.pdf

Files (733.7 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:c6e02beeb42f36d63dcc460abcf8a5a8
733.7 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Abrams, D. M., & Strogartz, H. S. (2003). Modeling the dynamics of language death. Nature, 424, 900.
  • Benson, C, (2004). The importance of mother tongue-based schooling for educational quality. The Quality Imperative: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2005.
  • Berg, B.L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, Pearson Education Company.
  • Bernardo, A. B. I. (2005). Bilingual code-switching as a resource for learning and teaching: Alternative reflections on the language and education issue in the Philippines. In Dayag, D. T., & Quakenbush, J. S. (Eds.), Linguistics and language education in the Philippines and beyond: A Festschrift in honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. pp. 151-169.
  • Bernardo, A. B. I., & Gaerlan, M. J. M. (2011). Non-native English students learning in English: Reviewing and reflecting on the research. In Jaidev, R., Sadorra, M. L. C., Wong, J. O., Lee, M. C., & Lorente, B. P. (Eds.), Global perspectives, local initiatives: Reflections and practices in ELT. Singapore: National University of Singapore, Centre for English Language Communication. pp. 1-9.
  • Bialystok, E. (2007). Cognitive effects of bilingualism: How linguistic experience leads to cognitive change. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10, 210-223.
  • Bialystok, E. (2010). Global-local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition. Developmental Psychology, 46, 93-105.
  • Bialystok, E., & Majumder, S. (1998). The relationship between bilingualism and the development of cognitive processes in problem solving. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 69-85.
  • Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 859-873.
  • Binibining Pilipinas Janina San Miguel deserves an apology from most Pinoys (2008). Philippine News. Retrieved from http://www.philnews. com/2008/009a.htm
  • Blot, K. J., Zarate, M. A., & Paulus, P. B. (2003). Code-switching across brainstorming sessions: Implications for the revised hierarchical model of bilingual language processing. Experimental Psychology, 50, 171-180.
  • Caitlin, B. (2012, September 7). The Englsih language invasion. Spanish Language Dialects. Retrieved from http://spanish-translation-blog.spanishtranslation.us/ the-english-language-invasion-2012-09-07.html
  • Central Intelligence Agency. (2009, October 28). East and Southeast Asia: Philippines". The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.htm
  • Clampitt-Dunlap, S. (1995). Nationalism, native language maintenance and the spread of English: A comparative study of the cases of Guam, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Puerto Rico, 1995). Retrieved from http://ponce.inter. edu/cai/ tesis/sclampit/diss.htm
  • Cloud, N. Genesee., F., & Hamayan, E. (2000). Dual language instruction: A handbook for enriched education. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Thomson Learning.
  • Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987).
  • Cox, A. J. (2007). No mind left behind: Understanding and fostering executive control – the eight essential brain skills every child needs to thrive. New York: Penguin Group.
  • Department of Education, Culture and Sports (1987). Bilingualism Policy. Department Order No. 52, series of 1987.
  • Dienstbier, R. A. (1972). A nodified theory of prejudice emphasizing the mutual causality of racial prejudice and anticipated belief differences. Psychological Review, 79, 146-160.
  • Dioko, E.C. (2007). Basic education – The language issue. The Green and White Journal, 2(1), pp.15-26.
  • Eastman, C. M. (1985). Establishing social identity through language use. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 1-20.
  • Ellis, D. S. (1967). Speech and social status in America. Social Forces, 45, 431-437.
  • Emmorey, K., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The source of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals: Evidence from bimodal bilinguals. Psychological Science, 19(2), 1201-1206. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 9280.2008.02224.x
  • Engram, D. E., & Sasaki M. (2003). The importance of communication in English in a globalised world and in the field of medicine. In Bulletin of School of Health Sciences, Akita University, 2(1), pp. 55-67.
  • Fleury, M. (2011, July 1). The importance of English for the globalized world. Message posted to http:// www.englishbaby.com/blog/marcosfleury/view_ entry/60576
  • Garcia-Yap, A. (2012, March 20). Japanese online firm in Cebu to hire 2,000 Pinoy teachers. Cebu Daily News. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer. net/164415/ japanese-online- firm-in-cebu-to-hire-2000-pinoy-teachers
  • Giles, H., & Powsland, N. F. (1975). Speech style and social evaluation. New York: Academic Press.
  • Giles, H., Tayloy, D. M., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1977). Dimensions of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 165-174.
  • Guy, G. R. (1988). Language and social class. In Newmeyer, F. J. (Ed.), Language: The social-cultural context. Linguistics: The Cambridge survey (pp. 37- 63). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1990). Personality, social psychology, and person-situation relations: Standards and knowledge activation as a common language. In Pervin, L. A. (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 301-338). New York: Guilford.
  • Hornblower, M. (1995, November 13). No tolerance for diversity. Time, 58-59.
  • Jenna (2010, July 12). The truth about Filipino workers. Message posted to http://jenna2. articlealley.com/ the-truth-about-filipino-workers-1650423.html
  • Jimenez, C.S. (2006, November 17). Into the breach again: US looks to Filipinos. Online Asia Times: Southeast Asia. Retrieved from http://www. atimes.com/atimes/ Southeast_Asia/HK17Ae01.html
  • Labov, W. (1972). The social stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores. In Labov, W. (Ed.), Sociolinguistics patterns (pp. 43-54). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, H. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluation reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 44-51.
  • Lewis, M. P. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (6th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online Version: Languages of the Philippines, ethnologue. com
  • Lindholm-Leary, K. J. (2007). Effective features of dual language education programs: A review of research and best practices. In Howard, E. R., Sugarman, J., Christian, D., Lindholm-Leary, K., & Rogers, D. (Eds.), Guiding principles for dual language education. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Louw-Potgieter, J., & Giles, H. (1987). Imposed identity and linguistic strategies. Special Issue: Language and ethnic identity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6, 425-438.
  • Maass, A., Milesi, A., Zabbini, S., & Stahlberg, D. (1995). Linguistic intergroup bias: Differential expectancies or in-group protection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 116-703.
  • Maréchal, G. (2010). Autoethnography. In Mills, A. J., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research 2 (pp. 43-45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Martin-Rhee, M. M., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 81-93.
  • McFarland, C. D. (1993). Subgrouping and number of Philippine languages. Manila: Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports; Pasig, MetroManila, Republic of the Philippines.
  • Moore, M. (2010, March 15). Chinese language damaged by invasion of English words. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ worldnews/asia/china/7441934/Chinese-language-damaged-by-invasion-of-English-words.html
  • Mufwene, S. (2004). Language birth and death. Annual Review in Anthropology, 33, 201-222.
  • Munat, J. (2005). English as a vehicular language: A case of globalization of linguistic imperialism? In Isaacs, A. K. (Ed.), Languages and identities in cultural perspective (pp. 143-154). Lungarno Pacinotti: Edizioni Plus – Università di Pisa.
  • Oha, A. C., Uwajeh, M. J. C., Daniel, I. O., & Iyere. T. (2010). Introduction to sociolinguistics. Nigeria: National Open University.
  • Padilla, A. M, Lindholm, K. J., Chen, A., Durán, R., Hakuta, K., Lambert, W. et al. (1991). The English-only movement: Myths, reality, and implications for psychology. American Psychologist, 46, 120-130.
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Republic of the Philippines. National Statistics Office. (October 2009). Quickstat as of October 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://www.census. gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0909tb.pdf
  • Rodis, R. (2008, March 25). English psychosis. Inquirer, Global Networking. Retrieved http://globalnation. inquirer.net/mindfeeds/mindfeeds/view/20080325- 126283/English-Psychosis
  • Ryan, E. B., & Sebastian, R. J. (1980). The effects of speech style and social class background on social judgments of speakers. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 229-233.
  • Samuel, H. (2010, January 9). English invasion threatens French language more than Nazi's did. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/world news/europe/france/6952462/ English-invasion- threatensFrench-language-more-than-Nazis-did.html
  • Sankoff, G. (2001). Lingusitic outcomes of language contact. In Trudgill, P., Chambers J., & Schilling- Estes, N. (Eds.), Handbook of sociolingusitics (pp. 638-668). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Smeadley, J. W., & Bayton, J. A. (1978). Evaluation race-class stereotypes by race and perceived class of subject. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 530-535.
  • Tajfel, H. (1972). Experiments in a vacuum. In Israel, J., & Tajfel, H. (Eds.), The contextual of social psychology: A critical assessment. London: Academic Press.
  • Talk:Taiwanese Hokkien (2012). Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3A Taiwanese_HokkienThomason, S., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Triandis, H. C., & Triandis, I. M. (1960). Face, social class, religion and nationality as determinants of social distance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 110-118.
  • United Nations Development Programme. (2009). Human Development Report 2009 – Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development. (Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Valdés, G. (2005). Bilingualism, heritage learners, and SLA research: Opportunities lost or seized? Modern Language Journal. 89(3), 410-426.
  • Villanueva, A. J. R., & Almario, A. R. S. (2008). Dual language program models in Philippine progressive schools. Paper presented at the 2nd international conference on language development, language revitalization, and multilingual education in ethonolinguistic communitites, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • VVP, GMA News (2011, November 25). Hong Kong employers still prefer Filipino workers. [Television broadcast]. GMA News.
  • Wang, S. Y., & Minette, J. W. (2005). The invasion of language: Emergence, change and death. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20(5), 263-269.
  • Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1.
  • YLE (2013, November 3). English-language invasion troubles Finnish academia. YLE-UUTISET. Retrieved from http://yle.fi/uutiset/english-language_invasion_ troubles_finnish_acadmia/653168