CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF EPISTAXIS

Introduction:       Epistaxis is the occurrence of an active nasal bleeding. Epistaxis is estimated to occur at least once during lifetime for more than 60% of the general population, with varying seriousness. The etiology behind epistaxis varies from local, systemic, and environmental causes. Primary care physicians should be educated on how to deal with an epistaxis case acutely and when to refer a patient to ENT for further evaluation. Thus, a review of the current management modalities is imperative for both primary care and otolaryngology physicians.
Aim of the work: we tried to understand the causes, classification, diagnosis, and management of epistaxis.
Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 2001 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: epistaxis, causes of epistaxis, classification of epistaxis, management of epistaxisConclusion: Epistaxis is considered to be one of the common presentations encountered in the emergency department and it can sometimes be serious or even fatal. Many etiologies can cause epistaxis. Management of epistaxis mainly centers on stopping bleeding locally and treating the cause if non local or local. Some cases will have to be referent to ENT for better outcomes. New treatment modalities for complicated cases are being developed.

 Keywords: epistaxis, nose bleed, bleeding disorder