Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published February 28, 2022 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Creators

  • 1. * Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A.
  • 2. * & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa
  • 3. California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U.S.A.

Description

Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F., Kiel, Carrie A. (2022): Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. TAXON 71 (1): 103-153, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600

Files

source.pdf

Files (3.6 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:23b1370ca4e88b4d456cc919962f943f
3.6 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/305337
LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F

Cites
Publication: 10.1111/boj.12385 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.001 (DOI)
Publication: 10.14258/turczaninowia.21.2.11 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.09.013 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1080/00378941.1929.10836328 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1080/00378941.1962.10835351 (DOI)
Publication: 10.5962/bhl.title.747 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4110453 (DOI)
Publication: 10.11646/phytotaxa.391.4.2 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/658159 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1002/tax.573012 (DOI)
Publication: 10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.1 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364421X16128061189530 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3767/blumea.2018.63.02.03 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3897/phytokeys.144.46929 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00030-X (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4111071 (DOI)
Publication: 10.5091/plecevo.2012.657 (DOI)
Publication: 10.11646/phytotaxa.438.5.1 (DOI)
Publication: 10.7208/chicago/9780226536705.001.0001 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0901 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3100/hpib.v25iss2.2020.n11 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3732/ajb.1400558 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s00606-016-1301-y (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/njb.01126 (DOI)
Publication: 10.11646/phytotaxa.393.2.3 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3100/hpib.v23iss2.2018.n5 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/2997097 (DOI)
Publication: 10.5642/aliso.20143201.02 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364408784571581 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-009-9123-5 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-016-9622-0 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-011-9292-x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1002/tax.12029 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-019-9828-z (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-018-9791-0 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3390/d12060237 (DOI)
Publication: 10.11646/phytotaxa.404.5.3 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00473.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.11.010 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-020-09920-5 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1442-1984.2007.00195.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31226-1 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4110705 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/2399931 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/3298565 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/j.ctvf3w4d6.10 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/683011 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3767/000651916X693185 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-021-09941-8 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/337395 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb02065.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb01652.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/BF00983219 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1093/aob/mcx003 (DOI)
Publication: 10.21829/abm71.2005.991 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/282687 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-008-9066-2 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364414X681446 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/25065644 (DOI)
Publication: 10.12705/663.8 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364418X697201 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164453 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1663/0007-196X(2007)59[199:ASOCRR]2.0.CO;2 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/2666677 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/2666140 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364405775097734 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3732/ajb.0800096 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1002/tax.613012 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364418X697003 (DOI)
Publication: 10.5642/aliso.20183601.04 (DOI)
Publication: 10.5642/aliso.20213801.02 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4115715 (DOI)
Publication: 10.3732/ajb.91.5.724 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-016-9657-2 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00216.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.1.11 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1016/j.ode.2004.04.006 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/297563 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4118776 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00786.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb01629.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364407782250625 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364417X695961 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364420X15801369352478 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00398.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1093/sysbio/syu029 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176021 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1086/668248 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055677 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1002/ece3.3274 (DOI)
Publication: 10.12705/Code.2018 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4135488 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4110427 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4110663 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/2395271 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00252.x (DOI)
Publication: 10.1017/S0960428600000871 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-008-9093-z (DOI)
Publication: 10.3417/2013046 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1007/s12225-009-9098-2 (DOI)
Publication: 10.2307/4119358 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1600/036364407781179716 (DOI)
Has part
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061050 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFA8B5F45A8C8A195319023 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061052 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFA8B5F45A8CD4993E3959A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFA8B5F461EC8CA93E3922A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFA8B5E461ECF5E94C19539 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061073 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFB8B5E45F8C82193B29771 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14207385 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFB8B59462ECA67953090CA (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14207387 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFC8B5945A8CC0193E39505 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFC8B59461EC86993E29114 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFC8B5B461ECC54953197D4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14207389 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFFE8B6F45A8CD519531970D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061123 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCD8B68450BC9A2975296ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061125 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCD8B68450BCBE2932496ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061127 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCD8B684679CBE29282916D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061129 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCD8B6B4679CC629709958D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061131 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCE8B6B45FBC8C296D4908D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061133 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCE8B6B45FBCDC292E6956D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061137 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCE8B6B4629C86293B791CD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201277 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCE8B6B4629CF0292CE930D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201279 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCE8B6A4629CE42973F97ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061180 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCAE296DB910D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201281 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCF8B6A450BCC4295FE96ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201283 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCF8B6A4679CD029557926D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061139 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCF8B6A4679CF6293B392CD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201285 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFCF8B654679CE029530902D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061182 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B6545FBCD22952490ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061184 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B6545FBCDE2952C91AD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061186 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B6545FBCCA29439928D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061188 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B6545FBCFC29773938D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201287 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B654629C9A29273968D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061190 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B654629CBC2932597ED (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201289 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B654629CAE2934E930D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201291 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC08B644629CE42976095AD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061192 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B64450BC8A29447964D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061194 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B64450BCB82946E970D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061196 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B64450BCA42977D902D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061198 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B64450BCD22979290CD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14201295 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B64450BCC02937194CD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061200 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B644679C8029348958D (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061202 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B644679C8C293B396AD (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.14061204 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03884F74FFC18B644679CBA29226974D (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14047426 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14047428 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14047430 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14047432 (DOI)
Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.14201636 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.14047434 (DOI)
Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.15136370 (DOI)
Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.15136372 (DOI)
Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.15136374 (DOI)
Is source of
Dataset: https://www.gbif.org/dataset/e336480a-86a4-47d0-ad2c-c210dd27de06 (URL)

References

  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181: 1-20. https:// doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
  • Annaselvam, J. & Parthasarathy, N. 1999. Inventories of understory plants in a tropical evergreen forest in the Anamalais, Western Ghats, India. Ecotropica 5: 197-211.
  • Arolla, R.G., Cherukupalli, N., Khareedu, V.R. & Vudem, D.R. 2015. DNA barcoding and haplotyping in different species of Andrographis. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 62: 91-97. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.bse.2015.08.001
  • Averyanov, L.V., Nguyen, K.S. & Maisak, T.V. 2018. Xylacanthus laotica (Acanthaceae, Acanthoideae), a new genus and species from Laos. Turczaninowia 21: 101-110. https://doi.org/10.14258/ turczaninowia.21.2.11
  • Balkwill, K. & Welman, W.G. 2000. Acanthaceae. Pp. 34-45 in: Leistner, O.A. (ed.), Seed plants of southern Africa: Families and genera. Strelitzia 10. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute.
  • Balkwill, K., Sebola, R.J. & Poriazis, D.L. 2017. Taxonomic revision of white-flowered Isoglossa Oerst. (Acanthaceae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 108: 48-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sajb.2016.09.013
  • Baum, V.M. 1982. A revision of the genus Odontonema (Acanthaceae). Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
  • Beentje, H. & Bandeira, S. 2007. Field guide to the mangrove trees of Africa and Madagascar. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Benoist, R. 1930. Descriptions d' especes nouvelles d' Acanthacees de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 76: 1031-1038. https://doi. org/10.1080/00378941.1929.10836328
  • Benoist, R. 1946. Nouvelles Acanthacees Africaines et Malgaches. Notul. Syst. (Paris) 12: 137-146.
  • Benoist, R. 1962. Nouvelles Acanthacees de Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 109: 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1962.108 35351
  • Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. 1876. Acanthaceae. Pp. 1060-1122 in: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (eds.), Genera plantarum, vol. 2(2). London: Reeve. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.747
  • Bidgood, S. & Brummitt, R.K. 1998. A revision of the genus Neuracanthus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 53: 1-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 4110453
  • Bongcheewin, B., Darbyshire I., Satitpatipan, V. & Kongsawadworakul, P. 2019. Taxonomic revision of Clinacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Thailand. Phytotaxa 391: 253-263. https://doi.org/10.11646/ phytotaxa.391.4.2
  • Borg, A.J. & Schonenberger, J. 2011. Comparative floral development and structure of the black mangrove genus Avicennia L. and related taxa in the Acanthaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 172: 330-344. https://doi.org/10.1086/658159
  • Borg, A.J., McDade, L.A. & Schonenberger, J. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of the Thunbergioideae (Acanthaceae). Taxon 57: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.573012
  • Braz, D.M. & Monteiro, R. 2017. Taxonomic revision of Staurogyne (Nelsonioideae, Acanthaceae) in the Neotropics. Phytotaxa 296: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.1
  • Braz, D.M., Daniel, T.F., Kiel, C.A., Gao, A., Jawadi, S. & Monteiro, R. 2021. Aymoreana (Nelsonioideae, Acanthaceae), a new genus endemic to Brazil. Syst. Bot. 46: 211-217. https://doi. org/10.1600/036364421X16128061189530
  • Bremekamp, C.E.B. 1942. The position of the genus Thomandersia Baill. Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 39: 166-175.
  • Bremekamp, C.E.B. 1944. Materials for a monograph of the Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae). Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 41: 1-306.
  • Bremekamp, C.E.B. 1965. Delimitation and subdivision of the Acanthaceae. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 21-30.
  • Breteler, F.J. & Wieringa, J.J. 2018. A synopsis of Mendoncia (Acanthaceae) in continental Africa including the description of two new species from western Central Africa and a new subspecies from West Africa. Blumea 63: 109-119. https://doi.org/10. 3767/blumea.2018.63.02.03
  • Brummitt, R.K. 2007. Avicenniaceae. P. 53 in: Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (eds.), Flowering plant families of the world. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Burgos-Hernandez, M. & Castillo-Campos, G. 2020. Taxonomic revision of the Mesoamerican genus Spathacanthus (Justicieae, Acanthoideae, Acanthaceae). PhytoKeys 144: 31-55. https://doi. org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46929
  • Carine, M.A. & Scotland, R.W. 1998. Pollen morphology of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from southern India and Sri Lanka. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 103: 143-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0034-6667(98)00030-X
  • Carine, M.A., Alexander, J.M. & Scotland, R.W. 2004. A revision of the Strobilanthes kunthiana- group (Phlebophyllum sensu Bremekamp) (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 59: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/4111071
  • Champluvier, D. & Darbyshire, I. 2009. A revision of the genera Brachystephanus and Oreacanthus (Acanthaceae) in tropical Africa. Syst. & Geogr. Pl. 79: 115-192.
  • Champluvier, D. & Darbyshire, I. 2012. Schaueriopsis: A new genus of Acanthaceae (Acanthoideae: Barlerieae) from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pl. Ecol. Evol. 145: 279-284. https://doi.org/ 10.5091/plecevo.2012.657
  • Champluvier, D. & Fischer, E. 2020. Isoglossa darbyshirei (Acanthaceae), a new plietesial species from the Albertine Rift (Rwanda, Burundi). Phytotaxa 438: 276-288. https://doi.org/10. 11646/phytotaxa.438.5.1
  • Cheek, M. 1995. Dischistocalyx T. Anderson ex Benth.: Terrestrial herbs, climbers, then epiphytes! Acanthus 6: 3-4.
  • Cheek, M., Pollard, B.J., Darbyshire, I., Onana, J.-M. & Wild, C. 2004. The plants of Kupe, Mwanenguba and the Bakossi Mountains, Cameroon: A conservation checklist. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F. & Chase, M.W. 2017. Plants of the world: An illustrated encyclopedia of vascular plants. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/ 9780226536705.001.0001
  • Comito, R.P. 2019. A RADseq phylogeny of Barleria (Acanthaceae) resolves fine-scale relationships. Thesis. California State University, Long Beach, California, U.S.A.
  • Connell, J.H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. Pp. 298-312 in: Den Boer, P.J. & Gradwell, G.R. (eds.), Dynamics of populations. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.
  • Cooper, E.S., Mosher, M.A., Cross, C.M. & Whitaker, D.L. 2018. Gyroscopic stabilization minimized drag on Ruellia ciliatiflora seeds. J. Roy. Soc. Interface 15: 20170901. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rsif.2017.0901
  • Cornejo, X. 2020. The reinstatement of Hilairanthus (Acanthaceae): A genus from Neotropical and Western-Paleotropical mangroves. Harvard Pap. Bot. 25: 231-235. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib. v25iss2.2020.n11
  • Cortes, A.L.A., Rapini, A. & Daniel, T.F. 2015. The Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) does not support the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis for South American seasonally dry forests. Amer. J. Bot. 102: 992-1007. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400558
  • Cortes, A.L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Rapini, A. 2016a. Taxonomic revision of the genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 302: 819- 851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1301-y
  • Cortes, A.L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Rapini, A. 2016b. Recircumscription and two new species of Pachystachys (Tetramerium lineage: Justicieae: Acanthaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 34: 522-528. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/njb.01126
  • Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Da Costa-Lima, J.L. & de Oliveira Chagas, E.C. 2019. A revision of Harpochilus sheds light on new combinations under Justicia (Acanthaceae). Phytotaxa 393: 119-130. https://doi.org/10.11646/ phytotaxa.393.2.3
  • Da Silva Monteiro, F.K., Pinto, A.S., da Costa, F.C.P. & de Melo, J.I.M. 2018. A taxonomic synopsis of Acanthaceae Juss. native to Paraiba State, Brazil. Harvard Pap. Bot. 23: 128-204. https:// doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v23iss2.2018.n5
  • Daniel, T.F. 1988. A systematic study of Bravaisia DC. (Acanthaceae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 45: 111-132.
  • Daniel, T.F. 1991. A synopsis of Poikilacanthus in Mexico. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118: 451-458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2997097
  • Daniel, T.F. 1993. Mexican Acanthaceae: Diversity and distribution. Pp. 541-558 in: Ramamoorthy, T.P., Bye, R., Lot, A. & Fa, J. (eds.), Biological diversity of Mexico: Origins and distribution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Daniel, T.F. 1995. Acanthaceae. No. 4. Pp. 1-158 in: Breedlove, D.E. (ed.), Flora of Chiapas. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.
  • Daniel, T.F. 1998. Pollen morphology of Mexican Acanthaceae: Diversity and systematic significance. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 50: 217-256.
  • Daniel, T.F. 1999. Revision of Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae) in Mexico. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 47-93.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2004. Acanthaceae of Sonora: Taxonomy and phytogeography. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 55: 690-805.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2005. Catalog of Honduran Acanthaceae with taxonomic and phytogeographic notes. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 24: 51-108.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2006. Synchronous flowering and monocarpy suggest plietesial life history for Neotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis (Acanthaceae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 57: 1011-1018.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2010. Catalog of Guatemalan Acanthaceae: Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 61: 289-377.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2015a. Additional notes on North American Acanthaceae: Biogeography, distributions, taxonomy, lectotypifications, and catalog of species. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 62: 309-329.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2015b. Synopsis of Trichanthera (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 62: 1-23.
  • Daniel, T.F. 2016. Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 63: 163-189.
  • Daniel, T.F. & Acosta C., S. 2003. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes, vol. 117, Familia Acanthaceae. Patzcuaro: Instituto de Ecologia.
  • Daniel, T.F. & Carrion, J.F. 2015. Odontonema aliciae, a new heterostylous species of Acanthaceae from Panama. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 62: 25-30.
  • Daniel, T.F. & Figueiredo, E. 2009. The California Academy of Sciences Gulf of Guinea Expeditions (2001, 2006, 2008) VII. Acanthaceae of Sao Tome and Principe. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 60: 623-674.
  • Daniel, T.F. & McDade, L.A. 2014. Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae): Revision of genera and catalog of species. Aliso 32: 1-45. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20143201.02
  • Daniel, T.F. & Tripp, E.A. 2018. Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, phylogeny, reproductive biology, and conservation. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 65: 41-106.
  • Daniel, T.F. & Veliz P., M.E. 2009. Justicia sangilensis, a new species of Acanthaceae from Guatemala. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 60: 455-459.
  • Daniel, T.F., McDade, L.A., Manktelow, M. & Kiel, C.A. 2008. The "Tetramerium Lineage" (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Justicieae): Delimitation and intra-lineage relationships based on cp and nrITS sequence data. Syst. Bot. 33: 416-436. https://doi.org/10.1600/ 036364408784571581
  • Darbyshire, I. 2009. Taxonomic notes and novelties in the genus Isoglossa (Acanthaceae) from east Africa. Kew Bull. 64: 401-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-009-9123-5
  • Darbyshire, I. & Harris, T. 2006. Notes on the genus Rhinacanthus (Acanthaceae) in Africa with a synopsis of the R. nasutus-R. gracilis complex and a key to the African members of the genus. Kew Bull. 61: 401-418.
  • Darbyshire, I. & Luke, Q. 2016. Barleria mirabilis (Acanthaceae): A remarkable new tree species from west Tanzania. Kew Bull. 71: 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-016-9622-0
  • Darbyshire, I. & Vollesen, K. 2007. The transfer of the genus Peristrophe to Dicliptera (Acanthaceae), with a new species described from Eastern Africa. Kew Bull. 62: 119-128.
  • Darbyshire, I., Vollesen, K. & Ensermu Kelbessa 2010. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Acanthaceae, part 2. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Darbyshire, I., Pearce, L. & Banks, H. 2011. The genus Isoglossa (Acanthaceae) in west Africa. Kew Bull. 66: 425-439. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12225-011-9292-x
  • Darbyshire, I., Vollesen, K. & Ensermu Kelbessa 2015. Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 8(6). Acanthaceae (part 2). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Darbyshire, I., Fisher, A.E., Kiel, C.A. & McDade, L.A. 2019a. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Barleria (Acanthaceae, Lamiales): Molecular data reveal complex patterns of morphological evolution and support a revised classification. Taxon 68: 92- 111. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12029
  • Darbyshire, I., Kiel, C.A., Daniel, T.F., McDade, L.A. & Luke, W.R.Q. 2019b. Two new genera of Acanthaceae from tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 74: 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-019-9828-z
  • Darbyshire, I., Tripp, E.A. & Chase, F.M. 2019c. A taxonomic revision of Acanthaceae tribe Barlerieae in Angola and Namibia. Part 1. Kew Bull. 74: 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-018-9791-0
  • Darbyshire, I., Kiel, C.A., Astroth, C.M., Dexter, K.G., Chase, F.M. & Tripp, E.A. 2020. Phylogenomic study of Monechma reveals two divergent plant lineages of ecological importance in the African savanna and succulent biomes. Diversity 12(6): 237. https:// doi.org/10.3390/d12060237
  • Darbyshire, I., Kiel, C.A., Chase, F.M. & Tripp, E.A. In press. The demise of Monechma: New combinations and a new classification in the resurrected genera Meiosperma and Pogonospermum (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull.
  • Deng, Y. 2019. Transfer of the Philippine species of Hemigraphis Nees to Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae). Phytotaxa 404: 203-208. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.404.5.3
  • Deng, Y.F., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. 2006. New and reassessed species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) in the flora of China. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 150: 369-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339. 2006.00473.x
  • Deng, Y., Gao, C., Xia, N. & Peng, H. 2016. Wuacanthus (Acanthaceae), a new Chinese endemic genus segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae). Pl. Divers. 38: 312-321. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pld.2016.11.010
  • Deng, Y., Tan, Y., Lin, Z. & Huang, Y. 2020. Gymnostachyum morsei (Acanthaceae: Andrographideae), a new species from Guangxi, China. Kew Bull.75:59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09920-5
  • Doll, S., Hensen, I., Schmidt-Lebuhn, A.N. & Kessler, M. 2007. Pollination ecology of Justicia rusbyi (Acanthaceae), a common understory plant in a tropical mountain forest in eastern Bolivia. Pl. Spec. Biol. 22: 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442- 1984.2007.00195.x
  • Durkee, L.H. 2001. Acanthaceae. Pp. 8-36 in: Stevens, W.D. & al. (eds.), Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
  • Edwards, T.J. & Getliffe Norris, F. 1989. Salpinctium, a new genus of Acanthaceae in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 55: 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31226-1
  • Ensermu Kelbessa 2006. Acanthaceae. Pp. 345-495 in: Hedberg, I.I., Ensermu Kelbessa, Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.), Flora of Ethiopia & Eritrea, vol. 5. Uppsala: Department of Systematic Botany; Addis Ababa: The National Herbarium.
  • Ensermu Kelbessa, Brummitt, R.K. & Furness, C.A. 1992. A reconsideration of Asystasiella Lindau (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 47: 669-675. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110705
  • Ezcurra, C. 1993. Systematics of Ruellia (Acanthaceae) from southern South America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 787-845. https:// doi.org/10.2307/2399931
  • Ezcurra, C. 2002. El genero Justicia (Acanthaceae) en Sudamerica Austral. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 225-280. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/3298565
  • Ezcurra, C. 2018. Familia Acanthaceae Juss. Pp. 1-76 in: Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano M.J. (eds.), Flora Argentina 20(1). San Isidro: Instituto de Botanica Darwinion. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvf3w4d6.10
  • Fernandes, A. 2005. Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 8(7), Avicenniaceae. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Fisher, A.E., McDade, L.A., Kiel, C.A., Khoshravesh, R., Johnson, M.A., Stata, M., Sage, T.L. & Sage, R.F. 2015. Evolutionary history of Blepharis (Acanthaceae) and the origin of C4 photosynthesis in section Acanthodium. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 176: 770-790. https:// doi.org/10.1086/683011
  • Franck, A.R. & Daniel, T.F. 2015. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on six genera of Acanthaceae in the West Indies. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 62: 309-329.
  • Gnanasekaran, G., Murthy, G.V.S. & Deng, Y.F. 2016. Resurrection of the genus Haplanthus (Acanthaceae: Andrographinae). Blumea 61: 165-169. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916X693185
  • Grall, A. & Darbyshire, I. 2021. A synopsis of the African genus Whitfieldia (Acanthaceae: Whitfieldieae) and a key to the species. Kew Bull. 76: 191-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-021-09941-8
  • Grant, V. 1983. The systematic and geographical distribution of hawkmoth flowers in the temperate North American flora. Bot. Gaz. 144: 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1086/337395
  • Hansen, B. 1985a. Taxonomic revision of the S. E. Asian species of Isoglossa (Acanthaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 5: 1-13. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1985.tb02065.x
  • Hansen, B. 1985b. Notes on the genus Sphinctacanthus (Acanthaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 5: 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051. 1985.tb01652.x
  • Hedren, M. & Thulin, M. 2006. Acanthaceae. Pp. 374-454 in: Thulin, M. (ed.), Flora of Somalia, vol. 3. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hedren, M., Chase, M.W. & Olmstead, R.G. 1995. Relationships in the Acanthaceae and related families as suggested by cladistic analysis of rbcL nucleotide sequences. Pl. Syst. Evol. 194: 93- 109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00983219
  • Heine, H. 1966. Flore du Gabon, vol. 13, Acanthacees. Paris: Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle.
  • Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A. & Ulrich, S. 2009. Pollen terminology: An illustrated handbook. New York: Springer.
  • Heywood, J.S., Michalski, J.S., McCann, B.K., Russo, A.D., Andrews, K.J., Hall, A.R. & Middleton, T.C. 2017. Genetic and environmental integration of the hawkmoth pollination syndrome in Ruellia humilis (Acanthaceae). Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 119: 1143-1155. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx003
  • Hilsenbeck, R. 1983. Systematic studies of the genus Siphonoglossa sensu lato (Acanthaceae). Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
  • Holmqvist, J.P.-H., Manktelow, M. & Daniel, T.F.. 2005. Wing pollination by bees in Mexacanthus (Acanthaceae). Acta Bot. Mex. 71: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm71.2005.991
  • Hu, C.C., Deng, Y.F., Wood, J.R.I. & Daniel, T.F. 2011. Acanthaceae. Pp. 369-477 in: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.), Flora of China, vol. 19. Beijing, Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
  • Indriunas, A. 2011. Revisao taxonomica de Herpetacanthus Nees (Acanthaceae). Dissertacao de Mestrado. Instituto de Botanica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
  • Janzen, D.H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Amer. Naturalist 104: 501-528. https://doi.org/10. 1086/282687
  • Kameyama, C. 2008. New species, nomenclatural changes and lectotypifications in Neotropical Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 63: 565-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-008- 9066-2
  • Kiel, C.A. & McDade, L.A. 2014. The Mirandea clade (Acanthaceae, Justicieae, Tetramerium Lineage): Phylogenetic signal from molecular data and micromorphology makes sense of taxonomic confusion caused by remarkable diversity of floral form. Syst. Bot. 39: 950-964. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X681446
  • Kiel, C.A., McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Champluvier, D. 2006. Phylogenetic delimitation of Isoglossinae (Acanthaceae: Justicieae) and relationships among constituent genera. Taxon 55: 683-694. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065644
  • Kiel, C.A., Daniel, T.F., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L.A. 2017. Unraveling relationships in the morphologically diverse and taxonomically challenging 'justicioid' lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae). Taxon 66: 645-674. https://doi.org/10.12705/663.8
  • Kiel, C.A., Daniel, T.F. & McDade, L.A. 2018. Phylogenetics of New World 'justicioids' (Justicieae: Acanthaceae):Major lineages, morphological patterns, and widespread incongruence with classification. Syst. Bot. 43: 459-484. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X 697201
  • Krishnan, R.M. 2000. Flowering phenology and floral success in monocarpic Barleria involucrata var. elata. Indian J. Forest. 23: 178-185.
  • Leonard, E.C. 1958. The Acanthaceae of Colombia, III. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 31: 323-781.
  • Li, X., Duke, N.C., Yang, Y., Huang, L., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, R., Zhong, C., Huang, Y. & Shi, S. 2016. Re-evaluation of phylogenetic relationships among species of the mangrove genus Avicennia from Indo-West Pacific based on multilocus analyses. PLoS ONE 11: e0164453.x https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0164453
  • Lindau, G. 1895. Acanthaceae. Pp. 274-353 in: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 4(3b). Leipzig: Engelmann.
  • Madagascar Catalogue 2020. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Madagascar. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden; Antananarivo. http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/Madagascar (accessed Mar 2020).
  • Magnaghi, E.B. & Daniel, T.F. 2017. Systematics of Mendoncia (Acanthaceae: Thunbergioideae) in the Paleotropics. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 64: 37-94.
  • Manktelow, M., McDade, L.A., Oxelman, B., Furness, C.A. & Balkwill, M.-J. 2001. The enigmatic Tribe Whitfieldieae (Acanthaceae): Delimitation and phylogenetic relationships based on molecular and morphological data. Syst. Bot. 26: 104-119.
  • McDade, L.A. (with contributions from Hammel, B.E., Kiel, C.A. & Tripp, E.A.) 2020. Acanthaceae. Pp. 54-178 in: Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.), Manual de plantas de Costa Rica, vol. 4(1). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
  • McDade, L.A. & Tripp, E.A. 2007. Synopsis of Costa Rican Ruellia L. (Acanthaceae): New species, taxonomic concepts, a country record, range extensions, and identification aids to the 22 species known from the country. Brittonia 59: 199-216. https://doi.org/ 10.1663/0007-196X(2007)59[199:ASOCRR]2.0.CO;2
  • McDade, L.A., Masta, S.E., Moody, M.L. & Waters, E. 2000a. Phylogenetic relationships among Acanthaceae: Evidence from two genomes. Syst. Bot. 25: 106-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 2666677
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F., Masta, S.E. & Riley, K.M. 2000b. Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Justicieae (Acanthaceae): Evidence from molecular sequences, morphology, and cytology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 435-458. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 2666140
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F., Kiel, C.A. & Vollesen, K. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships among Acantheae (Acanthaceae): Major lineages present contrasting patterns of molecular evolution and morphological differentiation. Syst. Bot. 30: 834-862. https:// doi.org/10.1600/036364405775097734
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Kiel, C.A. 2008. Towards a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1136- 1152. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800096
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F., Kiel, C.A. & Borg, A.J. 2012. Phylogenetic placement, delimitation, and relationships among genera of the enigmatic Nelsonioideae (Lamiales: Acanthaceae). Taxon 61: 637-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.613012
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F. & Kiel, C.A. 2018. The Tetramerium Lineage (Acanthaceae, Justicieae) revisited: Phylogenetic relationships reveal polyphyly of many New World genera accompanied by rampant evolution of floral morphology. Syst. Bot. 43: 97- 116. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364418X697003
  • McDade, L.A., Hammel, B.E. & Kiel, C.A. 2019. New species, new combinations and new synonymies towards a treatment of Acanthaceae for the Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Aliso 36: 27-45. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20183601.04
  • McDade, L.A., Daniel, T.F., Darbyshire, I. & Kiel, C.A. 2021. Justicieae II: Resolved placement of many genera and recognition of a new lineage sister to Isoglossinae. Aliso 38(1). https://doi.org/10. 5642/aliso.20213801.02
  • Mohan Ram, H.Y. & Wadhi, M. 1964. Endosperm in Acanthaceae. Phytomorphology 14: 388-413.
  • Moylan, E.C., Pennington, T. & Scotland, R.W. 2002. Taxonomic account of Hemigraphis Nees (Strobilanthinae-Acanthaceae) from the Philippines. Kew Bull. 57: 769-825. https://doi.org/10. 2307/4115715
  • Moylan, E.C., Bennett, J.R., Carine, M.A., Olmstead, R.G. & Scotland, R.W. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): Evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 724-735. https://doi. org/10.3732/ajb.91.5.724
  • Muller, J., Schuller, M., Straka, H. & Friedrich, B. 1989. Palynologia Madagassica et Mascarenica. Familie 182: Acanthaceae. Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 67: 138-187.
  • Onjalalaina, G.E. & Darbyshire, I. 2016. An endangered new species of Podorungia (Acanthaceae), with notes on the tribe Barlerieae in Madagascar. Kew Bull. 71: 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225- 016-9657-2
  • Paton, A.J., Brummitt, N., Govaerts, R., Harman, K., Hinchliffe, S., Allkin, B. & Lughadha, E.N. 2008. Towards Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: A working list of all known plant species -progress and prospects. Taxon 57: 602-611.
  • POWO 2020. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (accessed Jul 2020).
  • Raj, B. 1961. Pollen morphological studies in the Acanthaceae. Grana Palynol. 3: 3-108.
  • Ramamoorthy, T.P. 1991. Ruellia section Chiropterophila (Acanthaceae): A novelty from Mexico. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 107: 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00216.x
  • Reveal, J.L. 2012. An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants. Phytoneuron 2012-37: 1-221.
  • Rueangsawang, K., Suddee, S., Chantaranothai, P. & Simpson, D. 2020. A synopsis of Rungia (Acanthaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 48: 61-71. https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2020.48.1.11
  • Schaferhoff, B., Fleischmann, A., Fischer, E., Albach, D.C., Borsch, T., Heubl, G. & Muller, K.F. 2010. Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: Insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences. B. M. C. Evol. Biol. 10: 352. https://doi.org/10.1186/ 1471-2148-10-352
  • Schmidt-Lebuhn, A.N., Kessler, M. & Muller, J. 2005. Evolution of Suessenguthia (Acanthaceae) inferred from morphology, AFLP data, and ITS rDNA sequences. Organisms Diversity Evol. 5: 1- 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2004.04.006
  • Schonenberger, J. & Endress, P.K. 1998. Structure and development of the flowers in Mendoncia, Pseudocalyx, and Thunbergia (Acanthaceae) and their systematic implications. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 159: 446-465. https://doi.org/10.1086/297563
  • Schwarzbach, A.E. & McDade, L.A. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family Avicenniaceae based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 27: 84-98.
  • Scotland, R.W. & Vollesen, K. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bull. 55: 513-589. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118776
  • Sharma, M.V., Kuriakose, G. & Shivanna, K.R. 2008. Reproductive strategies of Strobilanthes kunthianus, an endemic, semelparous species in southern Western Ghats, India. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 157: 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00786.x
  • Shendage, S.M. & Yadav, S.R. 2010. Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India. Rheedea 20: 81-130.
  • Stearn, W.T. 1971. A survey of the tropical genera Oplonia and Psilanthele (Acanthaceae).Bull.Brit.Mus.(Nat.Hist.), Bot.4: 259-323.
  • Stevens, P.F. 2001-. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14 July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www. mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed Mar 2020).
  • Steyn, H.M. 2018. A taxonomic revision of the genus Acanthopsis (Acanthaceae). Dissertation. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Thomas, D.W. 1996. Synchronously flowering monocarpic Acanthaceae in the montane forests of Cameroon. Acanthus 6: 2.
  • Thulin, M. 2007. Expansion of Crabbea (Acanthaceae) and the description of two new species from Somalia. Nordic J. Bot. 24: 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb01629.x
  • Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tripp, E.A. 2007. Evolutionary relationships within the species-rich genus Ruellia (Acanthaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 628-649. https://doi. org/10.1600/036364407782250625
  • Tripp, E.A. & Darbyshire, I. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships among Old World Ruellia L.: A new classification and reinstatement of the genus Dinteracanthus Schinz. Syst. Bot. 42: 470-483. https://doi. org/10.1600/036364417X695961
  • Tripp, E.A. & Darbyshire, I. 2020. Mcdadea: A new genus of Acanthaceae endemic to the Namib Desert of southwestern Angola. Syst. Bot. 45: 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364420X158013693 52478
  • Tripp, E.A. & Lujan, M. 2018. Venezuelan Ruellia (Acanthaceae): A monograph. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 119: 1-76.
  • Tripp, E.A. & Manos, P.S. 2008. Is floral specialization an evolutionary dead-end? Pollination system transitions in Ruellia (Acanthaceae). Evolution 62: 1712-1737. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00398.x
  • Tripp, E.A. & McDade, L.A. 2014.A rich fossil record yields calibrated phylogeny for Acanthaceae (Lamiales) and evidence for marked biases in timing and directionality of intercontinental disjunctions. Syst. Biol. 63: 660-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu029
  • Tripp, E.A. & Tsai, Y.H.E. 2017. Disentangling geographical, biotic, and abiotic drivers of plant diversity in Neotropical Ruellia (Acanthaceae). PLoS ONE 12: e0176021. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0176021
  • Tripp, E.A., Daniel, T.F., Fatimah, S. & McDade, L.A. 2013a. Phylogenetic relationships within Ruellieae (Acanthaceae) and a revised classification. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174: 97-137. https://doi.org/ 10.1086/668248
  • Tripp, E.A., Fatimah, S., Darbyshire, I. & McDade, L.A. 2013b. Origin of African Physacanthus (Acanthaceae) via wide hybridisation. PLoS ONE 8: e55677. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0055677
  • Tripp, E.A., Tsai, Y.H.E., Zhuang, Y. & Dexter, K. 2017. RADseq dataset with 90% missing data fully resolves recent radiation of Petalidium (Acanthaceae) in the ultra-arid deserts of Namibia. Ecol. Evol. 7: 7920-7936. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3274
  • Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.H., Li, D.Z., Marhold, K. & May, T.W. (eds.) 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  • Utteridge, T.M.A. & Bramley, G.L.C. (eds.) 2020. The Kew tropical plant families identification handbook, 2nd, rev. ed. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Verdcourt, B. 1992. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Verbenaceae. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
  • Vogel, S., Machado, I.C. & Lopes, A.V. 2004. Harpochilus neesianus and other novel cases of chiropterophily in Neotropical Acanthaceae. Taxon 53: 55-60. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135488
  • Vollesen, K. 1989. A revision of Megalochlamys and Ecbolium (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). Kew Bull. 44: 601-680. https://doi. org/10.2307/4110427
  • Vollesen, K. 1992. The Old World species of Stenandrium (Acanthaceae: Acantheae). Kew Bull. 47: 169-202. https://doi. org/10.2307/4110663
  • Vollesen, K. 2000. Blepharis: A taxonomic revision. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Vollesen, K. 2006. A taxonomic revision of the genus Duosperma (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 61: 289-351.
  • Vollesen, K. 2007. Synopsis of the species of Acanthus (Acanthaceae) in tropical East and Northeast Africa and in tropical Arabia. Kew Bull. 62: 233-249.
  • Vollesen, K. 2008. Flora of Tropical East Africa: Acanthaceae, part 1. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Vollesen, K. 2013. Flora Zambesiaca, vol. 8(5), Acanthaceae (part 1). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Walker, J.W. & Doyle, J.A. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: Palynology. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 664-723. https:// doi.org/10.2307/2395271
  • Wasshausen, D.C. 1996. New species and combinations in Aphelandra (Acanthaceae) from Ecuador and adjacent Peru. Nordic J. Bot. 16: 389-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00252.x
  • Wasshausen, D.C. 2006. Family 156. Acanthaceae. Pp. 1-141 in: Flora of the Guianas: Series A: Phanerogams, fasc. 23. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Wasshausen, D.C. 2013. Flora of Ecuador, vol. 89, 179. Acanthaceae. Gothenburg: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg.
  • Wasshausen, D.C. & Wood, J.R.I. 2004. Acanthaceae of Bolivia. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 49: 1-52.
  • Wood, J.R.I. 1994. Notes relating to the flora of Bhutan: XXIX. Acanthaceae, with special reference to Strobilanthes. Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 175-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600000871
  • Wood, J.R.I. 1999. Flowering patterns in Acanthaceae. Acanthus 7: 5.
  • Wood, J.R.I. 2009. New names, combinations and synonyms in Justicia and Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bull. 64: 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-008-9093-z
  • Wood, J.R.I. 2014. New names and combinations in Indian Acanthaceae. Novon 23: 385-395. https://doi.org/10.3417/2013046
  • Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. 2009. New and little-known species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from India and South East Asia. Kew Bull. 64: 3-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-009-9098-2
  • Wood, J.R.I., Bennett, J.R. & Scotland, R.W. 2003. Notes on Strobilanthes: The Sympagis group. Kew Bull. 58: 131-173. https://doi. org/10.2307/4119358
  • Wortley, A.H., Harris, D.J. & Scotland, R.W. 2007. On the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of Thomandersia. Syst. Bot. 32: 415- 444. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364407781179716
  • Zanatta, M.R.V. 2019. Global biogeography of Acantheae and taxonomic revision of Stenandrium Nees (Acanthaceae) in Brazil. Dissertation. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.