Research directives toward deciphering adverse 1 outcome pathways induced 2 by environmental metallotoxins

Environmental metallotoxins (Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Cr) influence profusely human health. Consequently,
clear research directives are required to probe the complexity of risk and disease associations with                                        exposure to metallotoxins. Systems biology approaches targeting the exposome provide efficient
 routes to organ-tissue profiling, while concurrently distinguishing physiology from deviating
 potential disease states. Sample processing and biophysical-biochemical methods in concert with
 metallotoxin speciation describe hybrid molecular interactions with extra/intracellular targets,
 establishing networks on normal physiology-aberrant functions at the cellular, tissue-organ and
 whole organism levels. Omics technologies combined with bioinformatics delineate emerging
 interactions, generating profiles, genotypic-phenotypic relationships, and biomarkers key to
 elucidating adverse outcomes on health. Collectively, the emerging exposome description provides
 tools expediting physiology-disease assessment and validation, further supporting preventive
 diagnostic-prognostic and potentially therapeutic technologies.