Contribution to the yeast biota of Egypt. Biochemical, molecular characterization and diversity in citrus and grapevine plantations

ABSTRACT 3
HISTORICAL REVIEW 5
1. Air-borne yeast fungi 9
2. Yeast fungi recovered from soils 10
3. Phyllosphere and phylloplane yeast fungi 12
4. Carposphere and carpoplane yeast fungi 13
5. Yeast fungi recovered from juice 15
OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY 18
METHODOLOGY 19
1. Sampling location 19
2. Collection of samples 19
3. Isolation of air-borne yeast fungi 23
4. Isolation of soil yeast fungi 24
A. Determination of soil moisture content (MC) 24
B. Determination of soil pH 24
C. Isolation of soil yeast fungi 24
5. Isolation of phyllosphere yeast fungi 25
6. Isolation of phylloplane yeast fungi 25
7. Isolation of carposphere yeast fungi 26
8. Isolation of carpoplane yeast fungi 26
9. Isolation of juice yeast fungi 26
10. Media used for isolation of yeast fungi from different sources 27
A. Dichloran yeast extract malt extract agar (DYM) 27
B. Dichloran Rose Bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) (King et al. 1979) 27
11. Identification of yeasts 27
A. Morphological characters 27
B. Physiological characters 28
COMPARISON BETWEEN YEAST BIOTA RECOVERED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF CITRUS AND GRAPEVINE PLANTATIONS 37
1. List of identified yeast species 37
2. Air of citrus and grapevine 39
3. Soil of citrus and grapevine plantations 40
4. Phyllosphere of citrus and grapevine 47
5. Phylloplane of citrus and grapevine 51
6. Carposphere of citrus and grape fruits 54
7. Carpoplane of citrus and grape fruits 59
8. Juice of citrus and grape fruits 62
9. Yeast fungi associated with different growth stages of leaf and fruit 65
A. In grape phyllosphere 65
B. In grape phylloplane 66
C. In citrus carposphere 67
D. In citrus carpoplane 67
E. In grape carposphere 68
F. In grape carpoplane 69
DIVERSITY, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF YEAST SPECIES RECORDED FROM CITRUS AND GRAPEVINE PLANTATIONS 71
1. Ascomyceteous yeasts 71
Ambrosiozyma J.P. van der Walt 71
Aureobasidium Viala & Boyer (as Aureobasidium sp.) 71
Candida Berkhout 71
Debaryomyces Lodder & Kreger-van Rij 73
Geotrichum Link 75
Hanseniaspora Berkh. 76
Issatchenkia Kudriavzev 81
Klyuveromyces Van der Walt 82
Kodemaea Y. Yamada, Tom. Suzuki, M. Matsuda & Mikata 83
Pichia E. C. Hansen 84
Physiological tests 87
Genotypic identification of ascomyceteous yeasts 90
2. Basidiomyceteous yeasts 104
Cryptococcus Vuillemin 104
Filobasidium L. S. Olive 113
Melanopsichium Beck 113
Pseudozyma Bandoni 113
Rhodotorula F. C. Harrison 115
Rhodosporidium Banno 120
Sporidiobolus Nyland 121
Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & van Niel 122
Trichosporon Behrend 123
Black yeasts 132
SUMMARY 144
REFERENCES 150