World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
Published November 4, 2014 | Version 9999747
Journal article Open

The in vitro Effects of Various Immunomodulatory Nutritional Compounds on Antigen-Stimulated Whole-Blood Culture Cytokine Production

Creators

Description

Immunomodulators are substances that alter immune
system via dynamic regulation of messenger molecules. It can be
divided into immunostimulant and immunosuppressant. It can help to
increase immunity of people with a low immune system, and also can
help to normalize an overactive immune system. Aim of this study is
to investigate the effects of in vitro exposure to low and high doses of
several immunomodulators which include caffeine, kaloba and
quercetin on antigen-stimulated whole blood culture cytokine
production. Whole blood samples were taken from 5 healthy males
(age: 32 ± 12 years; weight: 75.7 ± 6.1 kg; BMI: 24.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2)
following an overnight fast with no vigorous activity during the
preceding 24 h. The whole blood was then stimulated with 50 μl of
100 x diluted Pediacel vaccine and low or high dose of
immunomodulators in the culture plate. After 20 h incubation (5%
CO2, 37°C), it was analysed using the Evidence Investigator to
determine the production of cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-10,
IFN-γ, and IL-1α. Caffeine and quercetin showed a tendency towards
decrease cytokine production as the doses were increased. On the
other hand, an upward trend was evident with kaloba, where a high
dose of kaloba seemed to increase the cytokine production. In
conclusion, we found that caffeine and quercetin have potential as
immunosuppressant and kaloba as immunostimulant.

Files

9999747.pdf

Files (115.9 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:153ca20bd4c72c0d876d4e28431719a8
115.9 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Patil, U. S., Jaydeokar, A. V., and Bandawane, D. D. (2012). Immunomodulators: A pharmacological review. Int J Pharm PharmSci, 4(1), 30-36.
  • Spelman, K., Burns, J., Nichols, D., Winters, N., Ottersberg, S. and Tenborg, M. (2006). Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators. Altern Med Rev, 11(2), 128-150.
  • Del-Rio-Navarro, B. E., Espinosa Rosales, F., Flenady, V. and Sienra- Monge, J. J. (2006). Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18(4), CD004974.
  • Horrigan, L. A., Kelly, J. P. and Connor, T. J. (2004). Caffeine suppresses TNF-alpha production via activation of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway. IntImmunopharmacol, 4(10-11), 1409- 1417.
  • Horrigan, L. A., Kelly, J. P. and Connor, T. J. (2006). Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe? PharmacolTher, 111(3), 877-892.
  • Chen, C. C., Kong, M. S., Lai, M. W., Chao, H. C., Chang, K. W., Chen, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Chiu, C. H., Li, W. C., Lin, P. Y., Chen, C. J. and Li, T. Y. (2010). Probiotics have clinical, microbiological, and immunologic efficacy in acute infectious diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 29(2), 135-138.
  • Chuang, C. C., Martinez, K., Xie, G., Kennedy, A., Bumrungpert, A., Overman, A., Jia, W. and McIntosh, M. K. (2010). Quercetin is equally or more effective than resveratrol in attenuating tumor necrosis factor- {alpha}-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in primary human adipocytes. Am J ClinNutr, 92(6), 1511-1521.
  • Kolodziej, H. and Kiderlen, A. F. (2007). In vitro evaluation of antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of Pelargonium reniforme, Pelargonium sidoides and the related herbal drug preparation EPs 7630. Phytomedicine. 14(Suppl 6), 18-26.
  • Trun, W. et al., (2006). Nitric oxide synthase and cytokine gene expression analyses in Leishmania-infected RAW 264.7 cells treated with an extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs7630). Phytomedicine, 13, 570-575. [10] Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A. and Zvartau, E. E. (1999). Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev, 51(1), 83-133. [11] Kolodziej, H. (2000). Traditionally used Pelargonium species: chemistry and biological activity of umckaloabo extracts and their constituents. Curr Top Phytochem, 3, 77-93. [12] Lewu, F. B., Grierson, D. S. and Afolayan, A. J. (2006). Clonal propagation of Pelargonium sidoides: a threatened medicinal plant of South Africa. Afr J Biotechnol, 5, 123-125. [13] Matthys, H. and Funk, P. (2008). EPs7630 improves acute bronchitis symptoms and shortens time to remission. Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Planta Med, 74(6), 686-692. [14] Thäle, C., Kiderlen, A. and Kolodziej, H. (2008). Anti-infective mode of action of EPs 7630 at the molecular level. Planta Med, 74(6), 675-681. [15] Matthys, H., Lizogub, V. G., Malek, F. A. and Kieser, M. (2010). Efficacy and tolerability of EPs 7630 tablets in patients with acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study with a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides. Curr Med Res Opin, 26(6), 1413-1422. [16] Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A. and Carmichael, M. D. (2009). Effects of the dietary flavonoid Quercetin upon performance and health. Curr Sports Med Rep, 8(4), 206-213. [17] Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Gross, S. J., Jenkins, D. P., Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Carmichael, M. D., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., McAnulty, S. R., McAnulty, L. S., and Mayer, E. P. (2007b). Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(9), 1561-1569. [18] Fletcher, D. K. and Bishop, N. C. (2011). Effect of a high and low dose of caffeine on antigen-stimulated activation of human natural killer cells after prolonged cycling. Int J Sport NutrExercMetab, 21(2), 155-165. [19] Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Davis, J. M., Dumke, C. L., Gross, S. J., Jenkins, D. P., Murphy, E. A., Carmichael, M. D., Quindry, J. C., McAnulty, S. R. and McAnulty, L. S., Utter, A. C. and Mayer, E. P. (2007a). Quercetin ingestion does not alter cytokine changes in athletes competing in the Western States Endurance Run. J Interferon Cytokine Res, 27(12), 1003-1011. [20] Conrad, A. et al., (2007). Extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs7630) improves phagocytosis, oxidative bursts, and intracellular killing of human peripheral blood phagocytes in-vitro. Phytomedicine, 14(Suppl. VI), 46-51. [21] Mandel, H. G. (2002). Update on caffeine consumption, disposition and action. Food ChemToxicol, 40(9), 1231-1234. [22] Haskó, G., Kuhel, D. G., Chen, J. F., Schwarzschild, M. A., Deitch, E. A., Mabley, J. G., Marton, A. and Szabó, C. (2000). Adenosine inhibits IL-12 and TNF-[alpha] production via adenosine A2a receptordependent and independent mechanisms. FASEB J, 14(13), 2065-2074. [23] Link, A. A., Kino, T., Worth, J. A., McGuire, J. L., Crane, M. L., Chrousos, G. P., Wilder, R. L. and Elenkov, I. J. (2000). Ligandactivation of the adenosine A2a receptors inhibits IL-12 production by human monocytes. J Immunol, 164(1), 436-442. [24] Goossens, V., Stangé, G., Moens, K., Pipeleers, D. and Grooten, J. (1999). Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-induced, mitochondria- and reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death by the electron flux through the electron transport chain complex I. Antioxid Redox Signal, 1(3), 285-295. [25] Kayser, O. et al., (2007). Immunomodulatory principles of Pelargonium sidoides. Phyter Res, 15, 122-126. [26] Neugebauer, P. et al. (2005). A new approach to pharmacological effects on ciliary beat frequency in cell cultures – exemplary measurements under Pelargonium sidoides extract. Phytomedicine, 12, 47-52.