PPv0: A Primary Productivity Algorithm Implementation from surface chlorophyll-a data above 45 degrees North (release PPv0.36.0.0)

Introduction

Implementation at Takuvik of the algorithm of (Belanger, Babin et al. 2013) to compute daily primary productivities and other physical and biological products above 45° North.

Data and Methods
Data
The primary production model used three kinds of data. The three kinds of data were sea ice concentrations, atmospheric products and water-leaving reflectances (R_rs).

Two data sets were used for the sea ice concentrations. The title of the first data set is Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)-Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) Passive Microwave Data (Cavalieri 1996, updated yearly) (v1.1). This data set comes from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/nsidc0051_gsfc_nasateam_seaice). This data set was used for years 1998 through 2015. From 1998 to 2007, the platform DMSP-F13 and the instrument SSM/I were used. From 2008 to 2015, the platform DMSP-F17 and the instrument SSMIS were used. The temporal resolution is daily. The spatial resolution is 25 x 25 km.

The title of the second sea ice concentration data set is Near-Real-Time DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations (Maslanik 1999, updated daily). This data set comes from the NSIDC (ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/nsidc0081_nrt_nasateam_seaice/). This data set was used for year 2016. The platform DMSP-F17 and the instrument SSMIS were used. The temporal resolution is daily. The spatial resolution is 25 x 25 km.

The atmospheric products data were the total ozone concentration O₃, cloud fraction CF over the pixel and cloud optical thickness τ_CL. Two data sets were used and compared. The title of the first data set is Flux Data-Surface Radiative Fluxes (FD-SRF). The product total column ozone (tlo3__) was used for the parameter O₃. The product mean cloud fraction (cf_m__) was used for the parameter CF. The product Mean cloud optical thickness (tau_m_) was used for the parameter τ_CL. This data comes from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). This data set was used for years 1998 through 2009. The three products were derived from satellite data (mainly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR); (Schweiger, Lindsay et al. 1999)) following the method developed by (Zhang, Rossow et al. 2004). The temporal resolution is three hours. The spatial resolution is a 280 x 280 km equal-area grid.

The title of the second atmospheric products data set is Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua Aerosol Cloud Water Vapor Ozone Daily L3 Global 1Deg CMG (MYD08_D3). The product Total Ozone Mean (TO3M) was used for the parameter O₃. The product Cloud Fraction Day Mean (CFDM) was used for the parameter CF. The product Cloud Optical Thickness Combined Mean (COTCM) was used for the product τ_CL. This data set comes from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) (v5.1). This data set was used for years 2002 through 2016. The platform Aqua and the instrument MODIS were used. The temporal resolution is daily. The spatial resolution is 1 x 1 degree.

Two data sets were used and compared for the R_rs. The first data set is Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Level 3 daily R_rs at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555 and 670 nm. This data set comes from the NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) (reprocessing 2014.0). The url is https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/L3BIN. This data set was used for years 1998 through 2008. The platform is SeaStar Spacecraft and the instrument is SeaWiFS. The temporal resolution is daily. The spatial resolution is a 9.28 x 9.28 km equal-area grid.

The second R_rs data set is MODIS/Aqua Level 3 daily R_rs at 412, 443, 488, 531, 555 and 667 nm. This data set comes from the NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) (reprocessing 2014.0). The url is https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS-Aqua/L3BIN. This data set was used for years 2002 through 2016. The platform is Aqua and the instrument is MODIS. Temporal resolution is daily. Spatial resolution is a 4.64 x 4.64 km equal-area grid.

Methods

Irradiance model

The incident spectral downwelling irradiance just below the water surface E_d(λ, 0-, t); in mol photon.m^-2.h^-1 was computed from the three atmospheric parameters O₃, CF and τ_CL and the solar zenith angle (θ_s) using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model (SBDART, (Ricchiazzi, Yang et al. 1998)).

Primary productivity model

The primary productivity model is from (Belanger, Babin et al. 2013). The R_rs were the inputs of a quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) (Lee, Carder et al. 2002) to compute the total absorption (a(λ)); in m^-1) and the backscattering (b_b(λ); in m^-1) coefficients. These spectral inherent optical properties (IOPs) were used with θ_s as the inputs of (Lee, Darecki et al. 2005) and (Lee, Du et al. 2005) to compute the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient K_d(λ).

The spectral downwelling irradiance at different depths (E_d(λ, z, t) was estimated from E_d(λ, 0-, t) and K_d(λ).

The spectral scalar irradiance (E⁰(λ, z, t)) is E_d(λ, z, t) divided by the mean cosine of the zenith angle of incidence of radiation (Morel 1991). This mean cosine was estimated by (a+b_b)/K_d (Sathyendranath, Platt et al. 1989). a(490), b_b(490) and K_d(490) were used for this estimation.

The R_rs were also the inputs of the algorithm GSM (Garver and Siegel 1997) and (Maritorena, Siegel et al. 2002) to compute the chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL; in mgCHL.m^-3). CHL was used in the relationship by (Matsuoka, Huot et al. 2007) to compute the spectral phytoplankton absorption coefficient (a_ph(λ); in m^-1). The photosynthetically usable radiation (PUR(z, t); in mol photon.m^-2.s^-1) was computed (Morel 1978):

\(PUR(z, t)=\int_{\lambda=400}^{\lambda=700\mathrm{nm}} E^{0}(\lambda, z, t) \frac{a_{ph}(\lambda)}{a_{ph}(443)} \mathrm{d}\lambda\)

The saturation irradiance (E_k; in mol photon.m^-2.s^-1) was estimated from the mean daily PUR (Arrigo and Sullivan 1994), (Arrigo 1994) and (Arrigo, Worthen et al. 1998). The light-saturated CHL-normalized carbon fixation rate (; in mgC.(mgCHL)^-1.h^-1) was set at 2 mgC.(mgCHL)^-1.h^-1 following in situ measurements in Arctic (Harrison and Platt 1986) and (Rey 1991). As shown by the model of (Platt, Gallegos et al. 1980), all parameters needed to compute the daily primary production rates (PP; in mgC.m^-2.d^-1) were now available:

\(PP=CHL \bullet P^{B}_{m} \int_{t=0}^{24h} \int_{z=0.1\%}^{100\%} 1 - e^{\frac{-PUR(z, t)}{E_k}} \mathrm{d}z\mathrm{d}t\)

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