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Published December 15, 2022 | Version v1
Taxonomic treatment Open

Paradoxides Brongniart 1822

Creators

  • 1. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) and Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum (Germany)
  • 2. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)

Description

Genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822

Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822: 8. —

Type species: Entomostracites paradoxissimus Wahlenberg, 1821, by subsequent designation by Poulsen (1956).

DIAGNOSIS. — Rounded anterior margin, S2 transglabellar, S3 and S4 short; palpebral lobe short, from S1 to S3; anterior and posterior section of facial suture moderately to strongly divergent; thorax with 19-21 segments; pleural spines progressively directed more strongly backwards, hindmost pairs of pleural spines increase in length, ending behind pygidial margin; pygidium small, subcircular to quadrat (based on Whittington et al. 1997; Fletcher et al. 2005, with modifications).

REMARKS

The genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822, and the family Paradoxididae Hawle & Corda, 1847, need comprehensive revision, as pointed out by e.g., Sdzuy (1967), Geyer (1998), Geyer & Landing (2001), Kim et al. (2002) and Żylińska & Masiak (2007). According to Żylińska & Masiak (2007), the main problem within Paradoxides are different characters for subdividing the species, such as subdivisions based on holaspid forms, in contrast to ontogenetic differences in protaspid and holaspid forms. Šnajdr (1958) mentioned a wide range in opinions (e.g., Pompeckj 1896; Raymond 1914) regarding the ontogenetic development of Czech Paradoxides. As discussed by Whittington et al. (1997), many specimens assigned to Paradoxides are too poorly preserved to be determined confidently, leading to several species being based on poorly preserved material (Šnajdr 1958; Geyer 1998). According to Geyer & Landing (2001) there are more than 100 species and subspecies of Paradoxides sensu lato.

Šnajdr (1958) classified Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822; Hydrocephalus Barrande, 1846; Eccaparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957; and Acadoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, as genera of the Paradoxididae. Several authors followed this subdivision and included other genera as, for example, Plutonides Hicks, 1895 (e.g., Martinsson 1974; Whittington et al. 1997; Kim et al. 2002; Dean 2005; Rushton & Weidner 2007; Rushton et al. 2016). Others ranked clades as Hydrocephalus, Eccaparadoxides, Acadoparadoxides, and Plutonides as subgenera of Paradoxides (e.g., Solov’ev 1981; Martin & Dean 1988; Geyer 1998; Geyer & Landing 2001; Fletcher et al. 2005; Żylińska & Masiak 2007) and introduced new clades such as Paradoxides (Mawddachites) Fletcher, 2007 (Fletcher 2007). Kim et al. (2002) mentioned that diagnostic characteristics of (sub)genera differ substantially among authors. Here we apply the subdivision established by Whittington et al. (1997) following Šnajdr (1958).

Notes

Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1067, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657

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Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87B6FF85495EFEAB7C0CFA8EFCF3

Is part of
Journal article: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33 (DOI)
Journal article: http://zenodo.org/record/7477657 (URL)
Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFE3FFCEFF97494CFFAA7878FFDCFFC1 (URL)
Journal article: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DA9802D-9500-4FD8-96F5-F4DD3BBF56A3 (URL)
Is source of
https://sibils.text-analytics.ch/search/collections/plazi/03DA87B6FF85495EFEAB7C0CFA8EFCF3 (URL)
https://www.gbif.org/species/207934026 (URL)
https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/56143/taxon/03DA87B6FF85495EFEAB7C0CFA8EFCF3.taxon (URL)

Biodiversity

Family
Paradoxididae
Genus
Paradoxides
Kingdom
Animalia
Order
Redlichiida
Phylum
Arthropoda
Scientific name authorship
Brongniart
Taxon rank
genus
Taxonomic concept label
Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822 sec. Unger, Hildenbrand, Stinnesbeck & Austermann, 2022

References

  • BRONGNIART A. 1822. - Les Trilobites, in BRONGNIART A. & DESMAREST A. - G. (eds), Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et geologiques. F. - G. Levrault, Paris and Strasbourg: 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66799
  • WAHLENBERG G. 1821. - Petrificata Telluris Svecanae Examinata. Nova Acta Regiae Soceitatis Scientarium Upsaliensis 8: 1 - 116. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2560273
  • POULSEN C. 1956. - Proposed use of the plenary powers to secure the availability of the generic names " Olenus " Dalman, [1827], and " Paradoxides " Brongniard, 1822 (Class Trilobita) for use in the sense which these names are customarily employed. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12 (1): 3 - 13. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12157848
  • WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.
  • FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg
  • HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120
  • SDZUY K. 1967. - Trilobites del Cambrico medio de Asturias. Trabajos de geologia 1: 77 - 134.
  • GEYER G. 1998. - Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (4): 374 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 97 - 127
  • GEYER G. & LANDING E. 2001. - Middle Cambrian of Avalonian Massachusetts: stratigraphy and correlation of the Braintree trilobites. Journal of Paleontology 75 (1): 116 - 135. https: // doi. org / b 93 qww
  • KIM D. H., WESTROP S. R. & LANDING E. 2002. - Middle Cambrian (Acadian series) conocoryphid and paradoxidid trilobites from the upper Chamberlain's Brook Formation, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology 76 (5): 822 - 842. https: // doi. org / cgxnvt
  • SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.
  • POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547
  • RAYMOND P. E. 1914. - Notes on the ontogeny of Paradoxides, with the description of a new species from Braintree. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 58 (4): 225 - 244. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5473357
  • BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142
  • SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.
  • HICKS H. 1895. - On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine 2 (5): 230 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800121193
  • MARTINSSON A. 1974. - The Cambrian of Norden, in HOL- LAND C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the British Isles, Norden, and Spitzbergen. John Wiley & Sons, London, New York, Sydney, Toronto: 185 - 283.
  • DEAN W. T. 2005. - Trilobites from the Cal Tepe Formation (Cambrian), Near Seydisehir, Central Taurides, southwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14 (1): 1 - 71.
  • RUSHTON A. W. A. & WEIDNER T. 2007. - The Middle Cambrian paradoxidid trilobite Hydrocephalus from Jamtland, central Sweden. Acta Geologica Polonica 57 (4): 391 - 401.
  • RUSHTON A. W. A., WEIDNER T. & EBBESTAD J. O. R. 2016. - Paradoxidid trilobites from a mid-Cambrian (Series 3, stage 5) limestone concretion from Jamtland, central Sweden. Bulletin of Geosciences 91 (3): 515 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1606
  • MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.
  • FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855