Stelletta makushina Lehnert & Stone, 2014, n. sp.

Stelletta makushina n. sp.

(Fig. 2)

Material examined. Holotype, ZSM 20140111, specimen in ethanol, collected by Robert Stone with a camera array towed from the FV Sea Storm; 8 August 2012, 177 m depth, 4 km NNE of Bishop Point, Unalaska Island, eastern Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea (54°00.499” N, 166°56.136” W). Attached to a large cobble. Bottom water temperature = 4.2 °C.

Description. Irregularly ovoid sponge (45 mm x 38 mm x 32 mm) with a rough surface (Fig. 2A, left). Sponge is white in life but covered with a light brown spicule mat. No oscules visible, possibly due to dense layer of triaene cladomes above the surface. The consistency is hard, only slightly elastic. The megascleres protruding above the sponge surface pass through a pigmented, relatively thick, probably collagenous cortex, 500–700 µm in diameter (Fig. 2B). Long triaenes protrude through this cortex up to 2.5 mm above the surface (Figs. 2B & C). The cladomes of the outermost protruding triaenes (Fig. 2C) end approximately in the same height, forming a dense, rough surface. Spicules are long anatriaenes (Fig. 2D) up to 9800 x 47 –58 µm, clads 90 x 42 –55 µm, ortho- and plagiotriaenes (Fig. 2E) often with reduced, club-shaped clads (Figs. 2F–I) and often occurring as di- and monaenes (Figs. 2H–I), the long clads are recurved (Fig. 2F), wavy (Fig. 2C) or straight and sometimes protruding and merging into protriaenes (Fig. 2J), straight rhabds, 2380–7320 x 180–220 µm, clads up to 480 x 200 µm, relatively short dichotriaenes (Fig. 2K), rhabds 780–930 x 85 –98 µm, straight oxeas 4460–7600 x 30 –160 µm, possibly occurring in a thick and a thin category, and finely acanthose oxyasters (Fig. 2L) 10–14 µm in diameter.

Discussion. Stelletta makushina n. sp. differs from all other known species of Stelletta (Table 1) and has peculiar ortho- to plagiotriaenes which have a high percentage of reduced, club-shaped clads and very long rhabdomes (up to 7.32 mm). Similar reduced cladomes occur in Stelletta atrophia Hoshino 1981 (Table 1) but, its rhabdomes are much shorter (maximum 2 mm) and S. atrophia lacks anatriaenes, has shorter oxeas and has an additional microsclere category of strongylasters (Table 1). S. calyx Sim & Kim 2003 (Table 1) also has shorter rhabdomes of the orthotriaenes, lacks anatriaenes, has shorter oxeas and two additional categories of strongylasters. S. clarella de Laubenfels 1930 (Table 1) has much shorter megascleres, except for the dichotriaenes which are longer, and a second category of oxeas. S. orthotriaena Koltun, 1966 (Table 1) from the Kuril Islands has long but, still considerably shorter, ortho- and plagiotriaenes, shorter oxeas, and tylasters instead of oxyasters.

Etymology. Named after the massive Makushin Volcano that prominently guards the northern end of Unalaska Island where the holotype was collected.

species, author(s) locality ortho/plagiotriaenes anatriaenes dichotriaenes oxeas oxyaster diameter strongylaster other

diameter

atrophia, Japan rhabds, 1300– 2000 x none none to 3200 x 30– 40 13 6–7 none Hoshino, 1981 30–100; rays sometimes

reduced

calyx, Sim & Japan ortho, rhabds, 1000– none none thick, 2050–3000 x large, 50–95; medium, acanthose, 10– none Kim, 2003 1500 x 50; plagio (rare), 50; thin, 800–1520 x 25–40; small, 12–20; 12.5; “thin“, 7–10

rhabds, 490–700 x 6–15 10 –15 thin, 30–40

carolinensis, N-Atlantic none none none 380– 1500 x 7–20 large, 30–70; small, 20 none none Wells, Wells &

Gray, 1960)

clarella, de California to rhabds, 2000–3000 x rhabds, 1100– rhabds, 2000–3000 long, 3500 x 50; 9–15 none none Laubenfels, 1930 southern 20–100; chords, 2000 x 9–15; x 20 –100; chords, short, 1400 x 15

Alaska 120–180 rays, 45–90 120–180

digitifera, (Lévi, Azores, rhabds, 500–775 x none none 1000–1300 none 8 none 1959) Madeira, 15–20; reduced clads,

Canary 25–50 x 65 –75,

Islands sometimes bifurcate

estrella, de California plagiotriaenes, -diaenes none none 2600–4000x 2.5–12 tylospheraster,10– none Laubenfels, 1930 and monaenes, rhabds, 45–100 11 +++ 4000 x 9–78; rays,

35–200

freitasi, Lévi, E-Africa none none rhabds, 600–670 x 1050 – 1600 x large, 30–35; small, none none 1964** (Japan?) 40–48 20–35 dermal, 10 gigantea, Tanita, Japan rhabds, 2000– 2500 x none 2000–2500 x 60 – thick, 2000–6000 x none “chiasterswith none 1965 60–120; rays, 200–250 120, proto, 200; 80–110; thin, 2000– tylote rays”, 14–17

x 50–75 deutero, 130 5000 x (figure 9e, p. 55,

15–18 rather suggests

strongylasters)

grubii, Schmidt, N-Atlantic, rhabds, up to 1200 x 60; none none 2000–2200 x 60 large, 50–70; small, tylaster, 10 none 1862 * Mediterranea rays up to 150 15–20

n, Japan

hispida, N-Atlantic, rhabds, 1000– 1600 x none none 1200–2600 x 16–17 10 –13 none Buccich, 1886) Mediterranea 60–70; rays, 200–350 x 25–70

n 60

inermis, Azores rhabds 530–600 x 15; none none 700–760 x 16–20 none 10 rhaphids in Topsent, 1904) rays, 30– 36 x 10–12 trichodragmas

.... ..continued on the next page species, author(s) locality ortho/plagiotriaenes anatriaenes dichotriaenes oxeas oxyaster diameter strongylaster other

diameter

japonica, Japan no measurements for none rhabds, to 1300 x to 1300 x 50 26 12 none Lebwohl, 1914 * rhabds; rays to 150 x 50 50; rays to 130 x

30

japonica sensu Japan rhabds, 520 x 45; rays, none rhabds, 500–600 x thick, 1600–3000 x 25– 35 12–17 none Tanita & 260 x 40 58–63; protoclads, 70–90; thin,

Hoshino, 1989 140 x 55; 1200– 1800 x

deuteroclads, 140– 12–27

200 x 45

kundukensis, China, Korea rhabds, 600 x 80; rays none none 3500 x 25–50 large, 30–70; small, 6–7.5 none, 1996 50 x 25 7.5–12.5 lactea, Carter, Great Britain, none none rhabds, 1700–2500 choanosomal 3000– 16–20 none rhaphidsin ++ Azores x 100–135; proto, 3500 x 35 –120; trichodragmas

100; deutero, 190 ectosomal 5000–, 28

7000 x 40 –50

maxima, Thiele, Japan rhabds to 2000 x 70; none none to 2500 x 50 to 15 to 10 none * rays to 110 x 40 (Thiele, 1898, p. 15,

described oxyasters

with rays 25 µm in

length)

misakensis, Japan rhabds, 1300– 1800 x none rhabds, 1400–1800 3000–4500 x 60 –80 large, 35–50; small, none none Lebwohl, 1914 60–100; rays, 260–300 x 80 –100, (Tanita, dermal, 5–7 (Tanita,

1965, p. 55, 1965, p. 56, reported

reported 3500 x 50 –70 and 5–7)

100); proto, 120;

deutero, 200

morikawai, Japan rhabds, 250–359 x 15; none rhabds, 450–520 x 1300 – 1600 x large, 50–76; small, 12– none none Tanita, 1961 ** rays, 50–8 22 –40; proto, 80; 25–33 15

deutero, 50

normani, Sollas, N-Atlantic rhabds, 400 x 63.5; rhabds, 549 x rhabds, 279.4 x thick, 597 x 63.5; 33 10 none

rays, 76.2; protriaenes 31.6 95.3; rays, 95.3 thin, 584 x 31.8

rhabds, 159 x 31.6

orientalis, Thiele, Japan protriaenes rhabds, 4– rhabds, 4000 rhabds, 2500–3700 3000–3700 x 5–10 tylaster,5 none ** 4.5 mm x 20 x 18; clads, x 40 –65; proto, 80; 40–50

62–120(?) deutero, 110

orthotriaena, Japan, Kuril orthotriaenes: rhabds, rhabds, 3000 none to 2000 x 30 none tylaster, 10–12 none Koltun, 1966 ** Islands 4000 x 110; rays, 600 x x 20; rays,

110, plagiotriaenes: 120 x 20

rhabds to 1000 x 20;

rays, 100 x 20

……continued on the next page species, author(s) locality ortho/plagiotriaenes anatriaenes dichotriaenes oxeas oxyaster diameter strongylaster other

diameter

ovalae, Tanita, Japan none rhabds, rhabds, to 10,000 x to 10,000 x 70 –90 large, 20–25; small, to none none 1965 ** >10,000 x to 120; proto, 100 x (Tanita, 1965, p. 56, 10 (Tanita, 1965, p. 56, 30; rays, 100 80; deutero, 150 x reported thick, 5000 reported only one + 40 x 70 –80 and thin, category, 14–18) unknown length x

12–16)

ovalae, ZSM Aleutian none rhabds,2300– rhabds 4500–5600 8000–10,500 x large, 18–24, conical, none none 20140112 Islands 6400 x 40 –70, x 180–230; clads 18–38 blunt rays, small, 9–12 rays, 35– 78 x 380–525 x 180–

34–56 225 per ray

pisum, Thiele, Japan none rhabds, rhabds, 1300 x 43; 1200– 1500 x none tylaster,8–12 none 1898 >1000; rays, rays, 210 28–30

25

purpurea, Ridley, S-hemisphere, rhabds, to 600 x 6; rays rhabds, to plagiotriaenes, 980–1500 x 70 large, 18–20; small, 12– none none 1884 sensu N-Pacific to 300 x 5 1200 x 5; sometimes with 15

Tanita & rays, 20–25 branched rays

Hoshino, 1989

rhaphidiophora, Arctic ”orthanatriaene“, rhabds, rhabds, 2520 to>> 7280 large, 25–40; small, 10– none rhaphidsin Hentschel, 1929 “clade“ (rays?) 70–120>6720; rays, 6090; proto, 490; 13 bundles, 30–

196–308 deutero, 350–490 35

solida, Tanita, Japan rhabds, 2000 x 65 –75; none rhabds,2000–2200 1500–3000 x 30–45 large, 30–50; small none none 1963 rays, 80 x 65 –75; proto, 60 spherasters, 15 x 40 –45; deutero, 70

spinulosa, Sim & Korea rhabds, 75–- 1150 x 24 – none none 1450–2125 x 20–60 large, 40–75; medium, 10–12.5 none Kim, 2003 57 25–35; small, 15–20 splendens, Japan rhabds, 3000 x 100; rhabds,>2000 rhabds, 2200–4500 long thick, to 4000 x none large, 25; small, “three rayed Tanita, 1965 rays, 320 x 80 x 28; rays, 28 x 100–120; proto, 55–60; long thin, to 14–17 anthasters”, 160 x 90; deutero, over 3000 x 17; rays spined, 200 intermediate, 100– 95 x 25 1200 x 25; small,

350–420 x 10–12

subtilis, (Sollas, Korea, Japan none rhabds, 1100– rhabds, 1100–1300 1000– 1400 x none tylaster,10–15 none 1886) ** 1300 x 10–14; x 25–40; proto, 80 20–28

rays, 65 x 40; deutero, 130–

160

teres, Lebwohl, Japan none rhabds, 460– rhabds, 360–1950 1300– 2000 x none acanthosetylaster, none 1914 1880 x 5–23; x 16–80; proto, 20–42 7 –16.8 rays, 15–90 x 120; deutero, 300

28–102

……continued on the next page species, author(s) locality ortho/plagiotriaenes anatriaenes dichotriaenes oxeas oxyaster diameter strongylaster other

diameter measurements after Hoshino, 1981

sensu Tanita & Hoshino, 1989, S. freitasi Lévi, 1964 is originally described from East Africa measurements from Lévi, 1960

Tanita, 1965, p. 56 reports shorter rhabds, 1700–2500 x 32 –40 µm) measurements from Topsent, 1904

measurements from de Laubenfels, 1932