Styraconyx qivitoq Kristensen & Higgins 1984

115. Styraconyx qivitoq Kristensen & Higgins, 1984a

Styraconyx qivitoq, new species (Kristensen & Higgins, 1984a) S. qivitoq Kristensen & Higgins, 1984 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1987, Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1987, D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1989)

Styraconyx qivitoq (Sandulli et al. 1999)

Terra typica: Baffin Bay (Greenland, Arctic)

Adriatic Sea:

• 42°06′N, 15°28′E [42°07′N, 15°29′E]; 5–10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°28′E; 2 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, the end of the cave, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, external cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 7 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, ca. 20 m from the cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06 ′ N, 15°29′E; 5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, internal opening, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 42°06′N, 15°29′E; 5–10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Zio Cesare, cave Grotta delle Viole, 0–10 cm depth, 80% coarse organogenic sand, 3% silt and clay, (mean diameter = 0.125 mm). Sandulli et al. (1999), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40 ° 34.38′N, 18 ° 0 9.49′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Mattarelle [Torre Mattarelle], ENEL power station, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 31.59′N, 18°05.51′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand in Posidonia meadows. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 27.24′N, 18°14.63′E 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lecce Bacino (San Cataldo), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 19.36′N, 18°23.16′E ; 50 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre Specchia, mud. Accogli et al. (2011)

Atlantic Ocean:

• 61°17′42′′N, 08°32′18′′W; 104–260 m bsl: [FAO27] Faroe Islands, Faroe Bank, shell gravel, coarse shell gravel, carbonate fine sand, carbonate sand, or fine shell sand. Hansen et al. (2001)

Baffin Bay:

• 69°16′N, 53°35′W [69°14′N, 53°34′W]; 90 m bsl: [FAO21] West Greenland, Disko Island, Godhavn, Udkiggen, shell-gravel. Kristensen & Higgins (1984a)

• 69°00′N, 53°17′W; 70 m bsl: [FAO21] Type Locality: West Greenland, Disko Bay, Kronprinsens Ejland, bryozoan colony. Kristensen & Higgins (1984a)

Balearic Sea:

• 40°20′N, 08°22′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari or Oristano Province, Gulf of Alghero, medium sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)

Black Sea:

• 45° 55.142N, 33° 00.12E [45°55′N, 33°00′E]; 12 m bsl: [FAO37] Ukraine, Kherson Oblast, Karkinitski Bay, salinity (17.6–17.9‰), fine calcium sand with mud. Kharkevych (2012)

• 45° 42.045N, 31° 58.784E [45°42′N, 31°59′E]; 32 m bsl: [FAO37] Ukraine, Kherson Oblast, Karkinitski Bay, salinity (17.6–17.9‰), fine calcium sand with mud. Kharkevych (2012)

Indian Ocean:

• 04°15′N, 72°49′E; 37 m bsl: [FAO51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Nord Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)

Ionian Sea:

• 40 ° 15.40′N, 17°52.57′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 13.94′N, 17°54.54′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40°13′90′′N, 17°54′59′′E [ 40°13′N, 17°55′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro [Sant’Isidoro]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 40 ° 12.94′N, 17°5.07′E [40°13′N, 17°55′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 40 ° 0 3.92′N, 17°59.64′E ; 50 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gallipoli, mud. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 59.38′N, 18°25.01′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Castro Marina, Mussel Farm, fine sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39°59′34′′N, 18°25′01′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Castro Marina. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 39°55′55′′N, 18°02′71′′E [39°54′N, 18°06′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Giovanni [Torre San Giovanni]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 39°52′00′′N, 16°42′30′′E; 20–80 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Cosenza Province, High Ionian Sea offshore, Calabrian Coast, Amendolara Shoal, coralligenous sand, coralligenous sand mixed with debris, coarse medium or fine coralligenous sand (few samples). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

• 39 ° 51.41′N, 18°23.75′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 51.26′N, 18°23.55′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 51.26′N, 18°23.55′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

• 39 ° 50.14′N, 18°06.45′E ; 20 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre Mozza (industry for fish processing), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)

Mediterranean Sea:

• 35°54′N, 14°32′E; 35 and 41 m bsl: [FAO37] Republic of Malta, SE coast of Malta, Sicily Channel, 1.75 km SE of the entrance of Grand Harbour and 1.4 km NW of the coastal settlement Xghajra, coarse organogenic detritus and fine sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

Tyrrhenian Sea:

• 40°20′30′′N, 09°40′15′′E; 0–> 80 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf, pure sand, coastal organogenic debris, coralligenous debris mud or Posidonia seagrass meadows. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1989), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 38°36′N, 14°55′E; 40 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Secca del Capo, coralligenous bank, subtidal zone, coarse coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)

• 38°27′N, 14°55′E [38°27′N, 14°56′E]; 1.5–5 m bsl: [FAO37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Valle Muria, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)

Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 10, Atlantic Ocean: 1, Baffin Bay: 2, Balearic Sea: 1, Black Sea: 2, Indian Ocean: 1, Ionian Sea: 13, Mediterranean Sea: 1, Tyrrhenian Sea: 3; total: 34.

Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO21: 2, FAO27: 1, FAO37: 30, FAO51: 1; total: 34.

Remarks: This species from the hallasi group was described from deep, subtidal localities off the coast of Greenland, but was later reported from the shallow subtidal zone in the Mediterranean basin (also in marine caves), and warm water in the tropical zone of the Indian Ocean. Recently, it has been reported from the deep subtidal zone of Faroe Bank and the shallow subtidal zone in the Black Sea. In our opinion, similar to S. nanoqsunguak, specimens of S. qivitoq from the Mediterranean basin and tropical waters need re-examination to be sure they belong to this species (see remarks for S. nanoqsunguak). Kristensen & Higgins (1984a) described this species as parasitic on bryozoans. It is similar to another parasite: Styraconyxinae, Tetrakentron synaptae, which feeds on its host, the holothurian Leptosynapta galliennei.