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Published December 31, 2016 | Version v1
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Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Gibson 1983

Creators

Description

* Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Gibson, 1983 (sensu lato)

Synonyms: Terranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Mozgovoi, 1953; Phocanema decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) Myers 1959

Includes P. decipiens B auct.

Description (after McClelland & Ronald 1974, McClelland et al. 1983, Hurst 1984, J. W. Smith & Wootten 1984a,

McClelland 1995, and Martell & McClelland 1995). With characteristics of the genus. Creamy white, yellow,

brown, red, or reddish brown in colour, L3 lie coiled in capsules of irregular shape. About 1.5 to 60 long. Cuticular

striations transverse and irregular. Anterior and posterior ends of an L3 shown diagrammatically in Fig.74 A,B.

Mouth, lips, boring tooth, and excretory pore similar to those of Anisakis simplex L3 (see Fig. 73 A,B,C). L3 from

cod musculature 15–60 long, from cod viscera, mesenteries and peritoneum 8–42 long. The largest of five

relatively small L3 found free in a flatfish stomach (from Canadian waters) was 8.078 long; length of

preventriculus, ventriculus, intestinal caecum and tail 0.871, 0.533, 0.194, and 0.105 respectively. The smallest of

these L3 was 1.592 long; corresponding measurements 0.290, 0.158, not stated, and 0.066. Mean length of ten L3

from barracouta (from New Zealand waters) was 29.8 (range 25.0–36.0); corresponding measurements 2.03 (1.54–

2.65), 0.90 (0.71–1.14), 1.11 (0.87–1.29), and 0.12 (0.10–0.13). Tail bluntly rounded with small mucron.

Sites: body cavity, mesenteries, musculature

Hosts: Alosa aestivalis (110); Alosa pseudoharengus (110, 127); Amblyraja radiata (99); Ammodytes sp. (99); Anarhichas lupus (55, 138); Anoplopoma fimbria (69); Apeltes quadracus (112, 113); Artediellus atlanticus (138); Aspidophoroides monopterygius (99, 138); Atheresthes stomias (69, 134); Boreogadus saida (106, 145); Brosme brosme (99); Clupea harengus (56, 79); Clupea pallasi (43); Coregonus huntsmani (145); Cryptacanthodes maculatus (138); Cyclopterus lumpus (99, 138); Enchelyopus cimbrius (138); Eumesogrammus praecisus (138); Eumicrotremus spinosus (99, 138); Fundulus heteroclitus (127); Gadus morhua (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, 68, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 136, 138, 143, 144); Gadus macrocephalus (1, 6, 21, 106, 125); Gasterosteus aculeatus (113, 127); Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (1, 6, 10, 19, 46, 62, 63, 71, 73, 77, 99, 125, 138); Hemitripterus americanus (1, 6, 21, 46, 89, 92, 93, 99, 103, 105, 114, 125, 129, 138); Hippoglossoides platessoides (1, 5, 6, 10, 19, 21, 46, 55, 62, 63, 71, 73, 75, 77, 86, 99, 105, 114, 124, 126, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139); Hippoglossus hippoglossus (77, 99, 129); Hippoglossus stenolepis (43, 128, 133, 140); Limanda ferrugineus (6, 21, 45, 63, 71, 73, 77, 99, 105, 114, 125, 126, 138); Lophius americanus (99, 125, 138); Lumpenus lumpretaeformis (138); Leptoclinus maculatu s (138); Lycodes reticulatus (138); Lycodes vahlii (99, 138); Lycodes spp. (125); Mallotus villosus (123); Melanogrammus aeglefinus (99, 105, 114, 138); Menidia menidia (127); Merluccius bilinearis (1, 99, 138); Merluccius productus (64); Microgadus tomcod (145); Microstomus pacificus (69); Myoxocephalus aenaeus (127); Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (6, 21, 99, 105, 114, 125, 138, 145); Myoxocephalus scorpius (6, 21, 65, 106, 125, 129, 145); Myoxocephalus sp. (19); Nezumia bairdii (57); Oncorhynchus mykiss (70, 101, 102, 107); Ophiodon elongatus (43); Osmerus mordax (1, 5, 6, 21, 61, 85, 86, 89, 92, 95, 96, 97, 103, 127); Peprilus triacanthus (99, 138); Phycis chesteri (99); Pollachius virens (99, 106, 127); Pseudopleuronectes americanus (6, 77, 99, 105, 125, 126, 127, 135, 138, 141); Raja sp. (21); Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (60, 99, 108, 109, 115, 120, 125, 129, 132, 138); Salmo salar (127, 145); Salvelinus alpinus (145); Salvelinus fontinalis (93, 127); Scophthalmus aquosus (99, 105, 114, 138); Sebastes alutus (18, 24); Sebastes fasciatus (1, 99, 131, 138); Sebastes flavidus (98); Sebastes mentella (99, 131); Sebastes norvegicus (6, 45); Tautogolabrus adspersus (125, 127); Theregra chalcogramma (59, 67, 69, 78); Triglops murrayi (6, 138); Triglops pingelii (21); Urophycis chuss (99); Urophycis tenuis (6, 99, 125, 138, 142); unspecified “cod” (5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 20, 25, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 66, 72, 84, 94); unspecified “fish” (22, 23, 26, 76, 82, 83, 88, 91); unspecified “hake” (1); Zoarces americanus (1, 5, 6, 21, 46, 92, 99, 125, 138)

Distribution: Atlantic, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Pacific

Records: 1. Scott 1950 (AT); 2. Baer 1953 (AT); 3. Martin 1953 (AT); 4. Reed 1953 (AT); 5. Scott 1953 (AT); 6. Scott 1954 (AT); 7. Ronald 1956 (AT); 8. Scott 1956 (AT); 9. W. F. Black 1957 (AT); 10. Homans & MacFarlane 1957 (AT); 11. Scott & Martin 1957 (AT); 12. Fairbairn 1958 (AT); 13. Power 1958 (AT); 14. Scott & Fisher 1958 (AT); 15. Kohler 1959 (AT); 16. Myers 1959b (AT); 17. Scott & Martin 1959 (AT); 18. Liston et al. 1960 (PA); 19. Myers 1960 (EX, AT); 20. Ronald 1960 (AT); 21. Scott & Black 1960 (AT); 22. Bradley 1961a (AT); 23. Bradley 1961b (AT); 24. Liston & Hitz 1961 (PA); 25. Power 1961 (AT); 26. Ronald 1962 (AT); 27. Freeman et al. 1963 (AT); 28. Townsley et al. 1963 (AT); 29. McCracken & Fitzgerald 1964 (AT); 30. Davey 1965 (AT); 31. Davey 1966 (AT); 32. Wiles 1968 (AT); 33. Kan & Davey 1968a (AT); 34. Kan & Davey 1968b (AT); 35. Davey 1969 (AT); 36. Pippy 1970 (AT); 37. Davey 1971 (AT); 38. Davey & Sommerville 1974 (AT); 39. McClelland & Ronald 1974 (AT); 40. Ackman & Gjelstad 1975 (AT); 41. Boghen & Davey 1975 (AT); 42. Ackman 1976 (AT); 43. Hoskins et al. 1976 (PA); 44. McClelland 1976 (AT); 45. Gaevskaya & Umnova 1977 (AT); 46. Linkletter et al. 1977 (AT); 47. Goil & Harpur 1978 (AT); 48. Davey 1979 (AT); 49. Goil & Harpur 1979 (AT); 50. Cain & Raj 1980 (AT); 51. Croll et al. 1980 (AT); 52. McClelland 1980a (AT); 53. McClelland 1980b (AT); 54. McClelland 1980c (AT); 55. Zubchenko 1980 (AT); 56. McGladdery 1981 (AT); 57. Zubchenko 1981a (AT); 58. Appy & Burt 1982 (AT); 59. Arthur et al. 1982 (PA); 60. Khan et al. 1982 (AT); 61. Fréchet et al. 1983 (AT); 62. McClelland et al. 1983a (AT); 63. McClelland et al. 1983b (AT); 64. Sankurathri et al. 1983 (PA); 65. Stewart & Bernier 1983 (NT); 66. Apold et al. 1984 (AT); 67. Arthur 1984 (PA); 68. Davey & Goh 1984 (AT); 69. Kabata & Whitaker 1984 (PA); 70. Margolis 1984 (PA); 71. McClelland et al. 1984 (AT); 72. Goh & Davey 1985 (AT); 73. McClelland et al. 1985 (AT); 74. Wells et al. 1985 (AT); 75. Zubchenko 1985a (AT); 76. Davey 1986 (AT); 77. Morrison et al. 1986 (AT); 78. Priebe 1986 (PA); 79. Brattey 1988 (AT); 80. Chandra & Khan 1988 (AT); 81. Lee 1988 (AT); 82. Berland et al. 1989 (AT); 83. Burt et al. 1989a (AT); 84. des Clers 1989 (AT); 85. Landry 1989a (AT); 86. Landry 1989b (AT); 87. Likely & Burt 1989 (AT); 88. Mattiucci & Paggi 1989 (AT); 89. Appleton & Burt 1990 (AT); 90. Brattey et al. 1990 (AT); 91. Burt et al. 1990a (AT); 92. Burt et al. 1990b (AT); 93. Burt et al. 1990c (EX, AT); 94. Burt et al. 1990d (AT); 95. Landry 1990a (AT); 96. Landry 1990b (AT); 97. Landry & Hare 1990 (AT); 98. Lee et al. 1990 (PA); 99. McClelland et al. 1990 (AT); 100. Myers & Brattey 1990 (AT); 101. Ramakrishna & Burt 1990 (EX, AT); 102. J. W. Smith et al. 1990 (EX, AT); 103. Appleton & Burt 1991 (AT); 104. des Clers 1991 (AT); 105. Marcogliese 1991 (AT); 106. Paggi et al. 1991 (AT); 107. Ramakrishna & Burt 1991 (EX, AT); 108. Arthur & Albert 1992a (AT); 109. Arthur & Albert 1992b (AT); 110. Landry et al. 1992 (AT); 111. MacKinnon & Burt 1992 (AT); 112. Marcogliese 1992a (NS); 113. Marcogliese 1992b (NS); 114. Marcogliese & McClelland 1992 (AT); 115. Arthur & Albert 1993 (AT); 116. Dixon et al. 1993 (AT); 117. Fusé et al. 1993a (AT); 118. Fusé et al. 1993b (AT); 119. Ramakrishna et al. 1993 (AT); 120. Arthur & Albert 1994 (AT); 121. Marcogliese & Boily 1994 (AT); 122. McClelland & Marcogliese 1994 (AT); 123. Arthur et al. 1995 (AT); 124. Boily & Marcogliese 1995 (AT); 125. Marcogliese 1995a (AT); 126. Martell & McClelland 1995 (AT); 127. McClelland 1995 (EX, AT); 128. Blaycock 1996 (PA); 129. Brattey & Davidson 1996 (AT); 130. Marcogliese 1996 (NS); 131. Moran et al. 1996 (AT); 132. Boje et al. 1997 (AT); 133. Blaycock et al. 1998a (PA); 134. Wierzbicka & Piasecki 1998 (PA); 135. Khan 1999 (AT); 136. McClelland 2000 (AT); 137. McClelland et al. 2000 (AT); 138. McClelland & Martell 2001a (AT); 139. McClelland & Martell 2001b (AT); 140. Blaycock et al. 2003 (PA); 141. McClelland et al. 2005 (AT); 142. Melendy et al. 2005 (AT); 143. Khan et al. 2011 (NF); 144. McClelland & Melendy 2011 (AT); 145. Pufall et al. 2012 (NU)

Notes

Published as part of Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, pp. 1-274 in Zootaxa 4185 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/165530

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Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

URL
http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038FB248FFCCFFC889B9C68B243F9B58

Cites
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.165590 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.165589 (DOI)
Is part of
Journal article: 10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1 (DOI)
Journal article: http://zenodo.org/record/165530 (URL)
Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB6CA30FFB1FFB6892EC613204A9E70 (URL)
Journal article: http://zoobank.org/0D054EDD-9CDC-4D16-A8B2-F1EBBDAD6E09 (URL)
Is source of
https://sibils.text-analytics.ch/search/collections/plazi/038FB248FFCCFFC889B9C68B243F9B58 (URL)

Biodiversity

Family
Ascarididae
Genus
Pseudoterranova
Kingdom
Animalia
Order
Ascaridida
Phylum
Nematoda
Scientific name authorship
(Krabbe, 1878) Gibson
Species
decipiens
Taxon rank
species
Taxonomic concept label
Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1983 sec. Arai & Smith, 2016

References

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  • Hurst, R. J. (1984) Identification and description of larval Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Anisakidae: Nematoda) from New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 18, 177 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00288330.1984.9516040
  • Smith, J. W. & Wootten, R. (1984 a) Pseudoterranova larvae (' codworm ") (Nematoda) in fish. Fiche 7. In: Fiches d'Identification des Maladies et Parasites des Poissons, Crustaces et Mollusques. Sindermann, C. J. (Ed.). Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Copenhagen.
  • Martell, D. J. & McClelland, G. (1995) Transmission of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) via benthic macrofauna to sympatric flatfishes (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Pleuronectes ferrugineus, P. americanus) on Sable Island Bank, Canada. Marine Biology, 122, 129 - 135. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00349286
  • Scott, D. M. (1950) Note no. 112: A preliminary report on the cod-worm investigation. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, No. 48, 10 - 12.
  • Baer, H. G. (1953) Appendix 38. Cod-worm investigation ̶ life history. In: Needler, A. W. H. (Ed.). Fisheries Research of Canada, Report of the Atlantic Biological Station for 1953, pp. 71 - 72.
  • Martin, W. R. (1953) Appendix 38. Cod-worm investigation ̶ removal of worms from fillets. In:. Needler, A. W. H. (Ed.), Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Report of the Atlantic Biological Station for 1953, pp. 72 - 73.
  • Reed, G. B. (1953) Atlantic Biological Station, St Andrews, New Brunswick In: G. B. Reed. Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ̶ 1952, pp. 21 - 48.
  • Scott, D. M. (1953) Experiments with the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, a definitive host of a marine nematode, Porrocaecum decipiens. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 10, 539 - 547. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 53 - 031
  • Scott, D. M. (1954) Experimental infection of Atlantic cod with a larval marine nematode from smelt. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11, 894 - 900. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 54 - 050
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  • Black, W. F. (1957) The feeding of nematode - infested mysids to cod. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Reports (Biology), No. 627, 11 pp.
  • Homans, R. E. S. & MacFarlane, A. S. (1957) Preliminary report on the occurrence of codworms in flounders of the Maritimes and on the efficiency of present candling methods in fish plants. Canada Department of Fisheries, Inspection Branch, Maritimes Area, Halifax. Pamphlet H, 7 pp.
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  • Fairbairn, D. (1958) Glucose, trehalose and glycogen in Porrocaecum decipiens larvae. Nature (London), 181, 1593 - 1594. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 1811593 a 0
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  • Scott, D. M. & Fisher, H. D. (1958) Incidence of the ascarid Porrocaecum decipiens in the stomachs of three species of seals along the southern Canadian Atlantic mainland. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 15, 495 - 516. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 58 - 023
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  • Liston, J., Peters, J. & Stern, J. A. (1960) Parasites in summer-caught Pacific rockfishes. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Reports, Fisheries, No. 352, 10 pp.
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  • Scott, D. M. & Black, W. F. (1960) Studies on the life-history of the ascarid Porrocaecum decipiens in the Bras d'Or lakes, Nova Scotia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 17, 763 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 60 - 064
  • Bradley, C. (1961 a) The effect of electrical stimulation at low temperatures on the larvae of Phocanema decipiens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 35 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 61 - 004
  • Bradley, C. (1961 b) The effect of certain chemicals on the response to electrical stimulation and the spontaneous rhythmical activity of larvae of Phocanema decipiens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 129 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 61 - 016
  • Liston, J. & Hitz, C. R. (1961) Second survey of the occurrence of parasites and blemishes in Pacific Ocean perch, Sebastodes alutus, May - June 1959. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Reports, Fisheries, No. 383, 6 pp.
  • Power, H. E. (1961) Slicing of fillets as an aid to detection and removal of codworms from Atlantic cod fillets. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 18, 137 - 140. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 61 - 010
  • Ronald, K. (1962) The effects of physical stimuli on the larvae of Terranova decipiens. II. Relative humidity, pressure and gases. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 40, 1223 - 1227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 62 - 097
  • Freeman, H. C., Hoogland, P. L. & Odense, P. H. (1963) The nature of an unusual amino acid-pyrimidine complex from the cod parasite, Porrocaecum decipiens. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 20, 1 - 11. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 63 - 002
  • Townsley, P. M., Wight, H. G., Scott, M. A. & Hughes, M. (1963) The in-vitro maturation of the parasitic nematode, Terranova decipiens, from cod muscle. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 20, 743 - 747. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 63 - 049
  • McCracken, F. D. & Fitzgerald, D. N. (1964) Estimates of incidence of larval nematodes in cod fillets from the southern Canadian mainland in 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report Series (Biology), No. 781, 10 pp.
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  • Kan, S. P. & Davey, K. G. (1968 a) Molting in the parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. II. Histochemical study of the larval and adult cuticle. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46, 235 - 241. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 68 - 036
  • Kan, S. P. & Davey, K. G. (1968 b) Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. III. The histochemistry of cuticle deposition and protein synthesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46, 723 - 727. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 68 - 100
  • Davey, K. G. (1969) Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. V. Timing of feeding during the moulting cycle. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26, 935 - 939. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 69 - 090
  • Pippy, J. H. C. (1970) Use of ultraviolet light to find parasitic nematodes in situ. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 963 - 965. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 107
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  • Davey, K. G. & Sommerville, R. I. (1974) Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens ̶ VII. The mode of action of the ecdysial hormone. International Journal for Parasitology, 4, 241 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7519 (74) 90080 - 0
  • Ackman, R. G. & Gjelstad, R. T. (1975) Gas chromatographic resolution of isomeric pentanols and pentanones in the identification of volatile alcohols and ketones in codworm Terranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878). Analytical Biochemistry, 67, 684 - 687. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 (75) 90347 - 4
  • Boghen, A. D. & Davey, K. G. (1975) A pseudocoelomocyte in the parasitic nematode Phocanema decipiens. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 94, 203 - 210. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3224981
  • Ackman, R. G. (1976) Volatile ketones and alcohols of codworms (Terranova decipiens) from axenic culture and fresh fish muscle. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33, 2819 - 2821. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 76 - 335
  • Hoskins, G. E., Bell, G. R. & Evelyn, T. P. T. (1976) The occurrence, distribution and significance of infectious diseases and of neoplasms observed in fish in the Pacific Region up to the end of 1974. Canadian Department of the Environment. Fisheries and Marine Service. Research and Development Directorate. Technical Report, No. 609, 35 pp.
  • McClelland, G. (1976) Terranova decipiens (Nematoda: Anisakinae): course of infection and pathology in seal hosts. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 95, 265.
  • Gaevskaya, A. V. & Umnova, B. A. (1977) [On the parasite fauna of the principal commercial fishes of the northwest Atlantic.] Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok), 4, 40 - 48. [In Russian]
  • Linkletter, L. E., Lord, E. L. & Dadswell, M. J. (1977) A checklist and catalogue of the marine fauna and flora of the lower Bay of Fundy shore of New Brunswick. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, vii + 68 pp.
  • Goil, M. M. & Harpur, R. P. (1978) Studies on sorbitol dehydrogenase from the parasitic nematode larvae of Phocanema decipiens. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 57,117 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00927152
  • Davey, K. G. (1979) Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens: the role of water uptake. International Journal for Parasitology, 9, 121 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 7519 (79) 90101 - 2
  • Goil, M. M. & Harpur, R. P. (1979) A comparison of the non-specific acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the larva of Phocanema decipiens (Nematoda) with that of the muscle of its host, the codfish (Gadus morhua). Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 60, 177 - 183 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00927973
  • Cain, G. D. & Raj, R. K. (1980) Anisakis, Phocanema, Contracaecum, and Sulcascaris spp.: electrophoresis and thermostability of alcohol and malate dehydrogenases from larvae. Experimental Parasitology, 49, 56 - 67. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0014 - 4894 (80) 90056 - 9
  • Croll, N. A., Ma, K., Smith, J. M., Sukhdeo, M. V. K. & Wild, G. (1980) Phocanema decipiens: intestinal penetration in the laboratory rat. Experimental Parasitology, 50, 145 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0014 - 4894 (80) 90016 - 8
  • McClelland, G. (1980 a) Phocanema decipiens: molting in seals. Experimental Parasitology, 49, 128 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0014 - 4894 (80) 90065 - x
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