Daptonema gelida Timchenko & Portnova 2024, sp. n.
Creators
- 1. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nakhimovsky prospekt, 117997 Moscow, Russia
Description
Daptonema gelida sp. n.
(Figures 2 A−E, 3A−B, 4A−C, 5A−C and Table 2)
Type material. Ten males and nine females. All the type specimens were mounted in permanent glycerin slides. Holotype: male (slide number: М1/38). Paratypes: nine males (slide numbers: M1/39, M1/40, M1/41, M1/42, M1/43) and nine females (slide numbers: M1/38, M1/39, M1/40, M1/41, M1/42, M1/43). Holotype and paratypes were deposited in the collection of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Type locality and habitat. Russia, the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, the Ermolinskaya Inlet (66.555 N 33.041 E); first-year thin landfast ice (35 cm thickness); the lowermost 10 cm of ice core; often associated with the presence of macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus in ice samples; water depth 2.9 m.
Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the Latin word gelida, meaning “frozen-in”, and refers to the habitat type.
Descriptions.
Males. Body slender and elongated, about 1.3–1.6 mm long. Body diameter gradually tapering towards both ends. Cuticle finely striated annulations. Short somatic setae uniformly distributed throughout the body, 3–6 µm in length, except for a few that increase toward the cardia. Head rounded, clearly set off, six inner labial papillae, six long outer labial setae and four cephalic setae in single circle, 0.4 corresponding body diameter (cbd) long. Amphideal fovea circular, with clear cuticular edging, 5–7 μm in diameter, and occupy 24.9–34.2% of cbd, posterior to the buccal cavity and located at 1.0–1.4 cbd from the anterior end. Buccal cavity conical-shaped with slightly sclerotized walls. Pharynx narrow, cylindrical, muscular, and gradually expands toward the cardia. Cardia short and heart-shaped, 6–7 µm long. Nerve ring at mid-length of pharynx. Secretory-excretory system not observed.
Reproductive system diorchic with two outstretched testes; the anterior testis to the left of the intestine, longer and extending to the anterior part of the intestine; the posterior testis shorter, right of the intestine. Spicules paired, equal, well cuticularized, thin, strongly curved in middle portion, L-shaped, 1.4–2.0 anal body diameters (abd) long; spicules length along arc of 35−45 µm and on chord of 24−31 µm; manubrium with round-shaped. Gubernaculum distinct, well cuticularized, with short dorsal-caudal apophysis by triangular-shaped outline, 5–8 µm long. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conico-cylindrical, elongated, narrowed, 6.9–9.0 abd in length. Tail tip slightly swollen with two terminal setae at the end. Three caudal gland cell bodies occupy the space dorsally from the anus to the end of the tail.
Females. Similar to males in most characteristics but with higher c’ (8.7–10.5 vs 6.9–9.0). Short somatic setae are equally distributed over the body. Reproductive system, monodelphic with ovary outstretched, to the left of intestine, extending anteriorly to near cardia region. The width of the biggest egg in the oviduct was 8.1 µm and the length 25.8 µm. Post-vulval uterine sac present and located to the left of intestine, well developed, conspicuously cuticularized with rounded distal end, 1.8–2.6 times the length of cbd; numerous sperm cells observed.
Species diagnosis. Daptonema gelida sp. n. is characterized by elongated and very thin body; short somatic setae equally distributed, 3–4 µm long, but longer (up to 6 µm) on cardia in male, circular amphideal fovea; spicules thin, curved, L-shaped, with round-shaped manubrium; gubernaculum with short dorsal-caudal apophysis by triangular-shaped outline; post-vulval uterine sac present; conico-cylindrical narrowed tail with slightly swollen tip with two terminal setae.
Differential diagnosis. The new species Daptonema gelida sp. n. resembles several Daptonema species such as D. robustum (Tchesunov, 1980) Tchesunov, 1990b; D. hirsutum (Vitiello, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977; D. svalbardense (Gerlach, 1965) Lorenzen, 1977; especially in the structure of the copulatory apparatus and the latter two in the relatively distant position of the amphideal fovea from the anterior end of body, D. normandicum (de Man, 1890) Lorenzen, 1977 and D. limnobia Wu & Liang, 2000 in the L-shaped and length of spicules, presence of a post-vulval uterine sac, and short terminal setae of the latter, and somewhat resembles D. ostentator Wieser & Hopper, 1967 and D. levis Rieger & Ott, 1971 in body size and de Man’s indices.
The new species differs from D. robustum by shorter spicules (35–45 µm vs 56–63 µm) and cephalic setae (6–8 µm v s 20–22.5 µm), a smaller amphideal fovea (5–7 µm vs 11.2 µm) located farther from the anterior end (24–28 µm vs 18.7–22.5 µm). The new species differs from D. hirsutum by both shorter spicules (35–45 µm vs 64 µm (Vitiello 1967) and 68–75 µm (Boucher & Helléouët 1977)) and smaller gubernaculum (10–13 µm vs 30 µm), and shorter somatic and terminal setae (4–6 µm vs 50 µm (Vitiello 1967) or 45–67 µm (Boucher & Helléouët 1977)). The differences between D. gelida sp. n. and D. svalbardense include longer body length (1293–1632 µm vs 984 µm (Gerlach 1965) or 870–920 µm (Lorenzen 1977)), longer spicules (35–45 µm vs 33 µm (Gerlach 1965) or 23–25 µm (Lorenzen 1977)), and strongly-curved spicules (versus barely curved spicules with the spicules tips bilobed distally and pointing in opposite directions); the absence of gubernaculum apophysis in D. svalbardense (Lorenzen 1977). The new species differs from D. normandicum by having more anteriorly located amphids, slightly widened proximal end of spicules (versus hooked and bifurcated), and posteriorly located vulva (70−85% vs 58%). The new species can be separated from D. limnobia by the longer body length (1293–1632 µm vs 944–1025 µm), the more anteriorly located amphids (24–28 vs 4–7 µm), smaller gubernaculum (10–13 µm vs 20–23 µm), absence of ejaculatory glands and posteriorly located vulva (70−85% vs 58−62%). D. gelida sp. n. can be differentiated from the latter five species by elongated and slender body (a=59.4–71.2 vs 25.8–27 (D. hirsutum), 27 (D. svalbardense) 37 (D. normandicum) 17–23 (D. limnobia), 22−28.6 (D. robustum)).
The following characteristics differentiate the new species from D. ostentator: the more anteriorly located amphids, lack of pronounced sexual dimorphism in amphideal fovea width (male and female 5–7 µm vs male 15 µm /female 8 µm), shape of spicules (curved vs straight), shape of gubernaculum (triangular-shaped outline vs plateshaped with subterminal constriction and terminal hook) and smaller size (10–13 µm vs 17–18 µm), shorter terminal setae (4–6 µm vs 20 µm). Differences in D. levis from the D. gelida sp. n. consist of higher b (7–7.3 vs 4.9–5.6), c (9.5–9.8 vs 7.4–8.1), and straight spicules without gubernaculum.
Sequence data. The 18S rDNA fragment (886 bp) sequenced for one specimen: 25DWS (station number: WSBS20 /21 4−9 1) and deposited to the NCBI /GenBank database (Benson et al. 2012) under accession number OQ925937.
Molecular genetics. We compared the obtained 18S rDNA sequence with data in GenBank, which confirmed placing Daptonema gelida sp. n. within the genus Daptonema. D. gelida sp. n showed significant relatedness to D. hirsutum (AM236231; AY854223) and D. setosum (Bütschli, 1874) Lorenzen, 1977 (AM234045) (94.26% identity, 100% query coverage), Metadesmolaimus sp. (AJ966491) and Daptonema sp. (FJ040463) (94.14% identity, 100% query coverage), as well as to D. carnulentum Leduc & Zhao, 2023 (OK317212) (96.37% identity, 90% query coverage).
The alignment of 18S, including GenBank data, comprised 23 sequences with a length of 891 bp. Both ML and BI phylogenetic reconstructions demonstrated a similar topology, with specimens in the Daptonema genus subdivided into two clades (Figure 6). The tree showed a strongly supported clade I (99.6% SH-aLRT, 100% posterior probability), with specimens corresponding to the Daptonema genus as well as species previously reported as Zygonemella striata Cobb, 1920 (Neres et al. 2010, Cunha et al. 2013) and Metadesmolaimus sp. (Meldal et al. 2007). In the BI tree, D. gelida sp. n. formed a separate, highly supported branch (posterior probability = 100%) and became a sister group to D. carnulentum as well as other Daptonema species, including D. oxycerca (de Man, 1888) Lorenzen, 1977, D. procerum (Gerlach, 1951) Lorenzen, 1977, D. setosum, D. hirsutum, Metadesmolaimus sp., and Daptonema spp. However, the two methods did not resolve the relationships between the new sympagic species in the same way. In the ML tree, D. gelida sp. n. grouped together with D. carnulentum, with low SH-aLRT support (<32%), while the positions of D. amorphum Leduc, 2015, D. normandicum and Daptonema sp. (MG669735) in clade II were weakly supported (75.4% SH-aLRT, 67% posterior probability) and unstable.
Notes
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Linked records
Additional details
Biodiversity
- Collection code
- NCBI
- Family
- Xyalidae
- Genus
- Daptonema
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Material sample ID
- WSBS20
- Order
- Monhysterida
- Phylum
- Nematoda
- Scientific name authorship
- Timchenko & Portnova
- Species
- gelida
- Taxonomic status
- sp. nov.
- Taxon rank
- species
- Type status
- holotype
- Taxonomic concept label
- Daptonema gelida Timchenko & Portnova, 2024
References
- Tchesunov, A. V. (1980) New Data on Free-Living Nematodes of the Superfamily Monhysteroidea of the Caspian Sea. Zoologischeskii Zhurnal, 59 (7), 973 - 985. [in Russian]
- Tchesunov, A. V. (1990 b) New taxa of marine free-living nematodes of the Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 (Nematoda, Chromadorida, Monhysterida) from the White Sea. Fauna, biology and systematics of freeliving lower worms. Rybinsk, Russia, Institute of Inland Water Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Proceedings, 64, 101 - 117.
- Vitiello, P. (1967) Nematodes libres marins de Roscoff. I. Description de cinq especes nouvelles. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 8, 403 - 416.
- Lorenzen, S. (1977) Revision det Xyalidae (freilebende nematoden) auf der grundlage einer kritischen analyse von 56 Aarten aus Nord- und Ostsee. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 16, 197 - 261.
- Gerlach, S. A. (1965) Freilebende Meersenematoden aus der Gezeitenzone von Spitzbergen. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, Band IX, 109 - 172.
- de Man, J. G. (1890) Quatrieme note sur les nematodes libres de la mer du Nord et de la Manche. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 3, 169 - 194. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10111370]
- Wu, J. & Liang, Y. (2000) Inland fee-living nematodes in China: A historical review of taxonomic studies with descriptions of Aphanonchus orientalis sp. nov. (Chromadorida: Leptolaimidae) and Daptonema limnobia sp. nov. (Monhysterida: Xyalidae). Annales Zoologici, 50, 307 - 319.
- Wieser, W. & Hopper, B. E. (1967) Marine nematodes of the east coast of North America. I. Florida. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135, 239 - 344.
- Rieger, R. & Ott, J. (1971) Gezeitenbedingte Wanderungen von Turbellarien und Nematoden eines nordadriatischen Sandstrandes. Vie Milieu, 22, Supplement I, 425 - 447.
- Boucher, G. & Helleouet, M. N. (1977) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale). III. Araeolaimida et Monhysterida. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 427, 85 - 122.
- Benson, D. A., Cavanaugh, M., Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J. & Sayers, E. W. (2012) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, D 36 - D 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / nar / gks 1195
- Butschli, O. (1874) Zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden, insbesondere der des Kieler Hafens. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, IX Bd., 1 - 56.
- Leduc, D. & Zhao, Z. Q. (2023) The Marine Biota of Aotearoa New Zealand. Nga toke o Parumoana: common free-living Nematoda of Pauatahanui Inlet, Te-Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour, Wellington. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 135, 1 - 212.
- Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 343.
- Neres, P. F., Fonseca-Genevois, V. G., Torres, R. A., Fonseca Cavalcanti, M., Castro, F. J. V., Silva, N. R. R., Rieger, T. T. & Decraemer, W. (2010) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of a new Daptonema (Nematoda, Xyalidae) with comments on the systematics of some related taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00528. x
- Cunha, B. P., Brito, S. & Fonseca, G. (2013) Zygonemella: the forgotten genus of the family Xyalidae (Nematoda). Zootaxa, 3669 (2), 179 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3669.2.10
- Meldal, B. H., Debenham, N. J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I. T., Vanfleteren, J. R., Vierstraete, A. R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P. A., Austen, M. C., Blaxter, M. L., Rogers, A. D. & Lambshead, P. J. D. (2007) An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 42 (3), 622 - 636. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.08.025
- de Man, J. G. (1888) Sur quelques nematodes libres de la mer du Nord, nouveaux ou peu connus. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 1, 1 - 51. [http: // biostor. org / reference / 61577]
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- Leduc, D. (2015) One new genus and five new nematode species (Monhysterida, Xyalidae) from Tonga and Kermadec Trenches, Southwest Pacific. Zootaxa, 3964 (5), 501 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3964.5.1