Multidecadal-centennial record of Holocene climate changes

Based on the 8 meticulously detailed and accurately dated records detailing climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere over the Holocene, obtained by different proxies from different climatic zones we constructed stack of climate changes. The selected records encompass: δ18O data from the NGRIP Greenland ice core(Rasmussen et al., 2014), Greenland Summit temperature reconstruction using nitrogen and argon isotopes of trapped air within GISP2 ice core bubbles(Döring and Leuenberger, 2022; Kobashi et al., 2017), ice rafted debris (IRD) accumulation data from sediment cores VM29-191(Bond et al., 2001) and MD99-2269(Moros et al., 2006) in the North Atlantic, with adjustments to the age model following Stoner et al.(Stoner et al., 2007), Ti content in sediments from ODP Site 1002 in the northern Cariaco Basin(Haug et al., 2001), records of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) changes from δ18O stalagmites in Chinese Dongge(Wang et al., 2005) and Sanbao(Dong et al., 2010) Caves, and composite climatic record from Icelandic lakes (Geirsdóttir et al., 2013). All records were linearly interpolated to 10-yr resolution and then detrended and normalized by subtracting the mean value and dividing by the standard deviation. The resulting stack was smoothed using a 150-yr moving average window.
Cooling rate was calculated as negative rate of the climate stack changes with 30-yrs resolution.