The vast majority of this research is focused on developing ways to recognise and respect otherness and difference in communication. It explores communication theory and practice, drawing on varied examples—taken from science and technology, science fiction and creative art—to illustrate its ideas. Much of this work explores the communicative possibilities illustrated by human interactions with humanoid and non-humanoid robots, as well as software bots (including generative AI) looking to fact and fiction, science and art, for inspiration. These machines provide great examples of different forms of communication, as well as appearing within popular cultural texts (thus helping to make them appealing to a wide audience).