Sulphonamides Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Applications, and Therapeutic Insights

Abstract: A large class of heterocyclic compounds with a variety of biologically diverse properties as well as many different therapeutic classes are built on the chemistry of the sulfonamide (or sulphonamide) functional group (SN). Sulfonamides, sometimes referred to as sulfa medicines, are the first medication that is extensively used and systemically significant for prophylactic and chemotherapeutic actions against various bacteria. Sulfonamides have a variety of pharmacological effects, such as oral hypoglycemia, antileprosy, anti-epileptic, anti-hypertensive, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-fungal, antiretroviral, non-peptidic vasopressin receptor antagonists, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and used as a diuretic. A global quest for new generation sulfonamide molecules has become essential due to the rise of drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The sulphonamides or sulfa medications completely limit folic acid synthesis in microbes, which keeps them from proliferating rather than actively killing them. These sulfonamides can be employed in a wide range of synthetic procedures. The extensive utility of sulphonamides is the focus of this review's attention.