Running of electromagnetic and strong coupling constants

The observed variation of the electromagnetic coupling constant , seen in high energy e+e- → e+e- collisions, has been explained in terms of work done compressing the energetic electron. A simple monotonic law has been found, which describes how the electron tries to resist compression, without transmutation. Variation of the strong coupling constant αs has also been analysed in terms of effective work done compressing the gluon field within a proton's component parts. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.