Figure 5. Molecular clades of A. mellifera mapped onto the first two PCA axes of morphometric ACMO space, redrawn afer Fig. 10.8 in Ref.8. Individual bees are identified to subspecies by the numeric color codes, and re-grouped to genetic clades as in Fig. 3, with additional color variants for Sub-Saharan taxa. Ruttner's four groups [African (A), European (C [Continental]), Mellifera (M), and Asian (O [Oriental]] correspond roughly to the four quadrants, clockwise from the upper lef as A, M, C, and O. Ŀe Levantine/Nilotic/Arabian clade overlays the Sub-Saharan clade, including local variants. Ŀe Asia Minor A. m. caucasia clade is distributed along the M → O axis, and is bisected by its Southeast European sister clade A. m. ligustica. Ŀe Afro-European Mediterranean clade overlies all three, as well as the basal A. m. mellifera clade.