Communication about hereditary cancer risk to offspring: A systematic review of children's perspective

Abstract
Objective: The present review describes how children experience hereditary cancer risk communication within the family.
Methods: Searches for studies between 1990 and 2020 on PubMed and EBSCO were undertaken, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. The findings informed: (1) how, when and what is discussed about hereditary cancer risk in the family; (2) how does family communication about hereditary cancer risk impact children on psychosocial and behavioral outcomes; (3) what are the child's preferences regarding hereditary cancer risk communication within the family. Results: Disclosure is done mostly by both parents, or mothers only, which is in accordance with the children's preferences. Children value open communication about cancer risk with their parents, although they report experiences of fear, surprise, feeling unhappy, and concern about the increased risk of cancer. Regardless of the method of disclosure, children may be particularly sensitive to their parent's emotional state at the time of disclosure, and they learn from their parents' experiences the potential implications of cancer risk. Children also report that it would be helpful to learn more about genetic cancer syndromes via written materials, and/or meet a genetic counselor. Conclusions: Children rely on their parents as the primary models of the hereditary cancer experience. Therefore, parents play a central role in the psychological adjustment of children. Findings point to the relevance of family‐centered care in hereditary cancer risk that targets not only the mutation carrier individually but also their children and partners.