Enhydris enhydris
Authors/Creators
Description
Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) — Native.
Hydrus Enhydris Schneider, 1799: 245–246. Lectotype: specimen described and illustrated by Russell (1796: 35, pl. 30), designated by Wallach et al. (2014: 270). Type locality: “Indiae orientalis” (= East India, i.e., Southeast Asia); later restricted to “lake of Ankapilly, coast of Coromandel, India ” via lectotype designation.
Rainbow Water Snake
(Figure 24A; Sungei Kadut Drive)
Singapore records.
Hypsirhina enhydris — Boulenger, 1896: 7.— Flower, 1896: 887.— Flower, 1899: 676.—Ridley, 1899: 208.— Boulenger, 1912: 160.— de Rooij, 1917: 181.
Enhydris enhydris —Sworder, 1923: 66.—Tweedie, 1953: 83.—Tweedie, 1961: 86.— Gyi, 1970: 92.— Tweedie, 1983: 99.—F.L.K. Lim & M.T.-M. Lee, 1989: 73, 116.—F.L.K. Lim, 1991: 72.—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 147.— David & Vogel, 1996: 116.— Cox et al., 1998: 40.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2001: 90.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 147.— de Lang & Vogel, 2005: 251.—J.C. Murphy, 2007: 238.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 169.—F.L.K. Lim, 2009: 464.—K.K.P. Lim & D’Rozario, 2009: 9–11 (Neo Tiew Road [LCK]; Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Das, 2010: 326.—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 195.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 502.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 169.— Das, 2012a: 107.—N. Baker & Thomas, 2013: 47 (Kranji Marshes).—Thomas et al., 2014: 309.—Wallach et al., 2014: 269.—Chan-ard et al., 2015: 239.— Kwan & Pascoe, 2015: 102, 103 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— de Lang, 2017: 284.— Das, 2018: 125.—Serin & R. Subaraj, 2018: 35 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Charlton, 2020: 98.— Leo et al., 2020: 257.— Figueroa et al., 2022: 1 (Kranji Way).— Kurniawan et al., 2022: 113.
Enhydris enhydris enhydris — de Haas, 1950: 576.
Xenopeltis unicolor —E.K. Chua, 2010: 101 [misidentified E. enhydris] (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).
Remarks. In a note documenting the first record of reproduction of E. enhydris in Singapore, Figueroa et al. (2022) discussed the status of this species in Singapore. Considered non-native (Lim & D’Rozario 2009; Baker & Lim 2012; Charlton 2020), Figueroa et al. (2022) asserted that E. enhydris is most likely native to Singapore. Lim & D’Rozario (2009) reported a dead individual found on Neo Tiew Road on 13 April 2008, and a live specimen seen at SBWR on 13 September 2008. The only record before this is an early specimen (BMNH 1870.1.14.4) collected prior to 1896 (Boulenger 1896). Given the long absence between these records, and that northwestern Singapore is dedicated to agrotechnological farming, Lim & D’Rozario (2009) suggest that E. enhydris was introduced into Singapore with imported aquatic plants. However, E. enhydris inhabits stagnant and slow-moving aquatic habitats such as rice paddies, canals, ditches, lakes, and rivers, including degraded areas and urban areas (Murphy 2007), making the wetlands, freshwater marshes, ponds, and farms found around northwestern Singapore ideal habitat. Thus, given this information and that E. enhydris ranges widely from Sri Lanka north along eastern India to Nepal, east to southeastern China, and south through Peninsular Malaysia to Indonesia, including Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Sulawesi (Murphy 2007), Figueroa et al. (2022) reasoned that it is a native species that is rare in Singapore. Including the record of Figueroa et al. (2022), there are nine published records of E. enhydris from Singapore. In addition, one of us (A. Figueroa pers. obs.) observed one in a drain along Sungei Kadut Drive on 17 December 2020 (Fig. 24A) bringing the total to 10. We follow Figueroa et al. (2022) and designate E. enhydris as native. Intensive surveys are needed to better understand the occurrence of E. enhydris in Singapore.
Occurrence. Restricted to Choa Chu Kang and Kranji. Rare.
Singapore conservation status. Not Evaluated.
Conservation priority. Highest.
IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2010].
LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1870.1.14.4 (no date); Kranji Reservoir: ZRC.2.7337 (29-Nov-2018); Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve: ZRC.2.7088 (14-Nov-2014).
Additional Singapore museum specimens. No specimens.
Singapore localities. Kranji Marshes—Kranji Reservoir—Kranji Way—Lim Chu Kang—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve—Sungei Kadut Drive.
Genus Fordonia Gray, 1842 (1 species)
Notes
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Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
Biodiversity
- Collection code
- BMNH , LKCNHM, NHMUK , ZRC
- Material sample ID
- BMNH 1870.1
- Event date
- 2014-11-14 , 2018-11-29
- Verbatim event date
- 2014-11-14 , 2018-11-29
- Scientific name authorship
- Schneider
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Order
- Squamata
- Family
- Homalopsidae
- Genus
- Enhydris
- Species
- enhydris
- Taxon rank
- species
- Taxonomic concept label
- Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) sec. Figueroa, Low & Lim, 2023
References
- Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls.
- Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46.
- Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37.
- Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813
- de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10610
- Gyi, K. K. (1970) A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 20 (2), 47 - 223.
- Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp.
- David, P. & Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra: An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt-am-Main, 260 pp.
- Cox, M. J., van Dijk, P. P., Nabhitabhata, J. & Thirakhupt, K. (1998) A Photographic Guide toSnakes and other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers, London, 144 pp.
- Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp.
- Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp.
- de Lang, R. & Vogel, G. (2005) The Snakes of Sulawesi: A Field Guide to the Land Snakes of Sulawesi with Identification Keys. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 312 pp.
- Lim, K. K. P. & D'Rozario, V. (2009) The rainbow mud snake, Enhydris enhydris (Schneider) [Reptilia: Squamata: Homalopsidae] in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 2, 9 - 12.
- Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp.
- Grismer, L. L. (2011 a) Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Seribuat Archipelago (Peninsular Malaysia). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 239 pp.
- Das, I. (2012 a) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp.
- Baker, N. & Thomas, N. (2013) Rainbow mud snakes at Kranji Marsh. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013, 47.
- Kwan, I. W. M. & Pascoe, S. M. (2015) Rainbow mud snake at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2015, 102 - 103.
- de Lang, R. (2017) The Snakes of Java, Bali and Surrounding Islands. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 435 pp.
- Das, I. (2018) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia. 2 nd Edition. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 176 pp.
- Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp.
- Leo, S., Suherman, M., Permatasari, A., Suganda, D. & Zulamri, W. N. (2020) Herpetofauna diversity in Zamrud National Park, Indonesia: baseline checklist for a Sumatra peat swamp forest ecosystem. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 14 (2), 250 - 263.
- Figueroa, A., Seet, S. & Thio, H. B. (2022) Biodiversity Record: Dead-on-road rainbow mud snakes. Nature in Singapore, 15, e 2022005.
- Kurniawan, N., Septiadi, L., Fathoni, M., Kadafi, A. M. & Marhendra, A. P. W. (2022) A checklist of the herpetofauna of Nusa Kambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 33 (2), 91 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.21315 / tlsr 2022.33.2.6
- de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625.
- Chua, E. K. (2010) Wetlands in a City: The Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Simply Green, Singapore, 176 pp.
- Baker, N. & Lim, K. P. (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Updated Edition. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd and Nature Society, Singapore, 180 pp.